52 
24 

»py 1 



I LIBRARY OF CONGRESS.} 



| [FORCE COLLECTION. J I 

't UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. I 



COMPENDIOUS SYSTEM 

GREEK GRAMMAR: 

IN ENGLISH AND GREEK. 

An edition literally translated from the latest and most approved edi» 
tions of WettenhaU's Grammar, and published with a particular 
view to correctness in all the examples and variations. 

TO WHICH IS ADDED, 

A FULL VARIATION OF THE EXAMPLES OF ADJECTIVES; 

WITH 

A TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS EXPLAINED. 
FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS. 

BY WILLIAM iV FARRAND. 

FIFTH EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED^ 

BY WILLIAM STAUGHTON, D. D 



PHILADELPHIA: 
PUBLISHED BY ABRAHAM SMALL, 
William Fry, Printer, 
18£4 ? 



DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA, to wit; 



******** BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the twentieth day 
Seal. : of August in the thirty-eighth year of the Indepen- 
dence of the United States of America, A. D. 1813, 
Philip H. Nicklin, of the said district, hath deposited in this of- 
fice the title of a book the right whereof he claims as proprietor 
in the words following, to wit: 

u A compendious System of Greek Grammar: in English and 
u Greek. An edition literally translated from the latest and 
"most approved editions of Wettenhall's Grammar, and 
u published with a particular view to correctness in all the 
"examples and variations. To which is added, a full varia- 
tion of the examples of adjectives; with a table of abbre- 
viations explained. For the use of schools. By William P. 
w Farrand. Third edition, revised and enlarged, by William 
"Staughton, D. D." 

In conform ity to the act of the Congress of the United States, 
intituled, " An act for the encouragement of learning, by secur- 
ing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and pro- 
prietors of snch copies during the times therein mentioned." 
And also to the act, entitled, "An act supplementary to an act, 
entitled, " An act for the encouragement of learning, by secur- 
ing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and 
proprietors of such copies during the times therein mentioned," 
and extending the benefits thereof to the arts of designing, en- 
graving, and etching historical and other prints." 

D. CALDWELL, 
Clerk of the District of Pennsylvania. 



N. B. The above Copy-Right has been purchased by Abraham 

Small, and is regularly transferred to him. 



RECOMMENDATIONS 



TO THE FIRST EDITION* 

THE translator has been politely favoured with the following 
letters, which he offers as testimonials in favour of his edition 
of Wettenhall's Grammar. 

Dear Sir, 

You ask my opinion whether it be better that a Greek gram- 
mar, intended for the use of schools, should be in Latin or in 
English ; and I can give it the more readily, as my opinion is, and 
ever has been, what, I presume, you would, on this occasion, 
wish it to be. 

I think that not only the Greek, but all other grammars which 
we have occasion to use in our schools, should be in English? 
because it is certainly desirable, that whatever is to be commit* 
ted to memory, should first be, if possible, perfectly understood; 
and because I am persuaded, that even the best of our scholars 
understand their native language better than any other. 

If, in proposing tome this question, you have been influenced 
by any solicitude with respect to the demand which there may 
"be for your translation of Wettenhall, I am confident that it 
is wholly unnecessary; for, if I am not much mistaken, there will 
hereafter be little or no demand, in any part of the United States^ 
for any other Wettenh all than that with which you are now 
about to furnish us. 

I am, sir, with much respect, 

Your obedient servant, 

JOHN ANDREWS^ 

Mr. Wm. P. Farrand. 



iv 



Sir, 

The professors in Dickinson college, who have carefully ex- 
amined the first sheets of your English translation of Wetten- 
hall's Greek Grammar, observe, with pleasure, that the work 
is executed in an accurate manner — the additional notes are 
highly useful, and the type is neat and elegant. It is their wish 
and hope, that your performance— a work that must have cost 
much pains and expense — may be duly estimated by the public^ 
and that it may encourage and aid studious young men to acquire 
an accurate knowledge of one of the most admired and useful 
languages of antiquity. 

On behalf of the faculty, 

ROBERT DAVIDSON, Pres* 

Mr. Wm. P. Farrand. 



Dear Sir, 

For almost a century, common sense has exhibited and re« 
jected the absurdity of teaching the Roman tongue by the use of 
a grammar written only in the language it is intended to illus- 
trate, and to which the pupil is a perfect stranger. As at the 
time youths begin the study of Greek, their acquaintance with 
the Latin is very partial, the operation of the same principle is 
correcting the impropriety of teaching the elements of the 
% Greek through the medium of that language. This is the more 
necessary, as in some grammars, particularly in Dr. Wet ten- 
hall's, the style has in it more of the refined elegance of the 
scholar, than of the requisite simplicity of the teacher. 

Contemplating the correctness of your translation, the useful 
notes you have added, and the general utility of the work, I can- 
not avoid expecting, as well as hoping, that in its extensive Cir- 
culation you will find your deserved reward. 

# 1 am, dear sir, with real respect, 

Your obedient servant, 

W..STAUGHTON, 

Mr. Wm. P. Farrand. 



FARRAND'S TRANSLATION 

OF 

WETTENHALL'S GRAMMAR. 

THE GREEK LETTERS ARE TWENTY-FOUR. 

THEIR USE. 



Names. Figures. In sound. In number. 



Alpha 




A a 


a 


1 




Beta 




B fi e 


b 


£ 




Gamma 




ry r 


g hard 


3 




Delta 


a a 


d 


4 




Epsilon 




£ e 


e short 


5 




Zeta 






z 


7 * 


6 called Bav 


Eta 


'Htx 


H n 


e long 


8 


or iirirqutit* 


Theta 




3-0 


th 


9 


Iota 


I cot a 


I * 


i 


10 




Kappa 




K * 


k 


£0 




Lambda 




A A 


1 


30 




Mu 


My 


M ^ 


m 


40 




Nu 


Nv 


N y 


n 


50 




Xi 


S/ 


H| 


X 


60 




Omicron 




O o 


o short 


70 




Pi 


m 




P 


80 




Rho 




P p c 


r 


100 


5 90 called 


Sigma 






s 


£00 




Tau 




T tT 


t 


300 




Upsilon 




T t; 


vl vowel 400 


n7 900 called 


Phi 




<I> <p 


ph 


500 




Chi 


X7 




ch 


600 


* 1000 * 


Psi 






ps 


700 


£ £000, Sec. 


Omega 






o long 


800 


1824. 



* A dot placed under a numeral letter expresses thousands, 
and over, units, ten and hundreds. 

N B The 24 books of Homer are numbered as the letters 
stand in the alphabet. 

B 



2 

[The term AIR is used In schools, as a technical 
word, to aid the memory. A the first of the units, I of 
the tens, R of the hundreds.] 

Of the letters, seven are vowels : two long, «, two 
short, f , 6 i and three doubtful, <*, /, v. 

The prepositive vowels are, e, v,6,&: the subjunc- 
tive, y.* 

Of the prepositive and subjunctive vowels, are formed 
diphthongs: which are, six proper, xi, xv, u, ey, a, a; and 
six improper, jjy, vt, av, x, », with an iota underneath. 

To vowels and diphthongs belong breathings, accents, 
and apostrophe. The breathings are two, lenis ('), and 
asfier ( e ); that is, the smooth and the rough. 

Every vowel, or diphthong, which begins a word, is 
marked with the lenis ^ as Jge?, oros, a mountain, or 
asfier, as horos, a boundary. e T is always marked 
with an asper, as I's, a swine: so, also, the semivowel p. 
But if £ be doubled in the middle, the first is pronounc- 
ed with a lenis, the other is aspirated. , 

THE ACCENTS ARE THREE. 

1. The grave Q, which falls only on the last syllable, 

2. The acute ('), which falls on the ultimate, penul- 
timate, and antepenultimate. 

3- The circumflex (~), which falls on the ultimate 
and penultimate. 

The grave is understood on every syllable, where 
there is no accent, t 

The apostrophe denotes, that when a word ends with 
x, t, o, xi, «/, these short vowels, or diphthongs,^ are 
cast off, when the following word begins with a vowel 
or diphthong; as %xi % xvrh for kxtx xvrh. 

* v is a prepositive before i. 

f It is the opinion of Mr. Parkhurst that accents are by no 
means necessary (as far as we moderns can understand or pro- 
nounce them) either for pronouncing* or understanding the lan- 
guage. 

$ These two diphthongs, ar, oi, being deemed short with re 
gard to accent and apostrophe. 



OF CONSONANTS, 

The consonants are seventeen; and are either semi- 
vowels, or mutes. 

The semivowels are either double, f, fa [corres- 
ponding to ds, ks, ps;] or 

Liquids, A, & ?, <r is a letter of its own kind. 

The 1 either f Smooth, tt, *, t.") Opposite fT,ftf 
mutes vor < Intermediate, £, f, 3. V-to one ■< *,y,;s 
are, J or £ Rough, <p, 0. J another, [r^fl* 

The smooth mutes, when their vowel or diphthong 
is cut off, change into aspirates, when the following 
vowel or diphthong is aspirated: sr7, xl, into $0, as 

VV%jf eAjjV, TtQd' VT60. 

Of letters are formed syllables, of syllables words, 
and of "words sentences. 

THE PARTS OF SPEECH ARE EIGHT. 

Article, Noun, Pronoun, Verb, Participle, Adverb^ 
Conjunction, and Preposition. 

There are three Numbers, the Singular, the Dual,t 
and the Plural. 

There are five Cases, Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. and Voc. 

The Genders are three, as in Latin. 

The article \ «, <*, t«, this or he, and the relative #, J, 
who or which, are thus declined. 

* So placed they are called labials, gutturals, and dentals. 

f As the dual number is used but rarely by the Attics, and 
never by the iEolians and modern Greeks; as it is found neither 
in the New Testament, nor in the Septuagint, the trouble of 
committing it to memory might, in many instances, be advan- 
tageously avoided. The present Greeks never use it. 

4= The article is without a vocative. The deficient case is sup- 
plied by the interjection a as Z QvyocTtg, O daughter. The im- 
port Gf the Greek article is analogous to the definite article in 
English. 



Singular. 
N. G. D. A. 
Masc. <?, t2j tu, re'y, 
Fern. r?5, t^, rijy, 
Neut. Ta, t£, ta>, to, 

Singular. 
N. G. D. A. 

Masc. </$, J, oy, 
rem. », ^v, 

Neut. «/, «j O) 

Thus, ora, SjV/s, ot;> 
who. 



Dual. 
N.A. G.D. 

t#, to<V, 

T#, T#7y, 
T6>, Td?y, 

Dual. 
N.A. G.D. 

CV t oh, 
«, ft/?, 

<S, a<y, 
and o<nrify 



Plural. 
N. G. D. A. 

0/> T^y, TO^, TS$, 

etiy ru7s, ret 

Plural. 
N. G. D. A. 

c\\ My 61$) 

at, w f u h> 
9, 07re£j whosoever, 



OF THE NOUN SUBSTANTIVE. 
The Declensions of nouns are five; three of the Sim- 
ples, and two of the Contracts. The two first of the 
simples are parisyllabic, that is, of equal syllables: the 
third, from which arise the two declensions of the con- 
tracts, is imparisyllabic; that is, of unequal syllables. 

OF THE FIRST DECLENSION.* 

The first declension includes nouns of two genders, 
and four terminations; in us and of the masculine, 
and in & and ??, of the feminine. The variation of words 
of the masculine and feminine genders differs, some- 
what, in the singular; in the other numbers it is exact- 
ly the same. 

Sing. N. oTupi'-at, a steward, G. D. A. V. 
Dual. Nom. Acc. Voc. Gen. Dat. -#<y. 
Plur. N. G. <yy, D. A. -cc$, V. 



* Some general rules may be advantageously remembered, 
which apply to all the declensions. 

1. The nominative, accusative, and vocative of the dual are al- 
ways the same; as are also the genitive and dative of the dual. 

2. In the plural, the nominative and vocative are the same. 

3. The genitive plural always ends in av and in the first de- 
clension is always circumflexed. 

4. In the singular number the nom. accus. and voc. of neuter 
nouns are always the same; and in the plural these cases, in 
Greek as in Latin, always end in a; unless when contracted; ex- 
cept Attic nouns in »v of the second declension. 







Sing. N. o rtXm-mfa, publican, G. D. -jj, A. ->jv, V. 

Dual. Nom. Acc. Voc. Gen. Dat. -ecu. 

Plur. N. G. «v, D. A. V. 

Sing. N. i Mx<r-ec, %. muse, G. D. A. V. 

Dual. Nom. Acc. Voc. -a, Gen. Dat. 

Plur. N. -at, G. -&5v, D. A. V. -act. 

Sing. N. jj r/^-J, honour, G. D. -*?, A. V. 

Dual. Nom. Acc. Voc. Gen. Dat, -tew. 

Plur. N. G. D. A. -<*$, V. -*/. 

The dative singular, in the first and second declen- 
sion, has i under the final vowels, p, &>. 

Iota is commonly written under, either for the sake 
of distinction; as, rxulet in the Dat. Sing. recyJoc N. A. V* 
Duah, 

Or, on account of rejection, or casting off: as *eg#i 
*sg#: for / written under the syllable from which the re- 
jection is made. 

Nouns ending in jnjs, tjjs, and gentiles in $>j?, as also 
the compounds of T#A<y, I sell, par^a, I measure, rgf'S*, I 
rub, form the vocative sing, in # shorr^ as a e-*Tg*?r*, O 
president, I* > j?«t*, O master, ZxyS-*, O Scythian, See. 

Nouns ending in and « pure, make the genitive 
sing, in and dative in as, >^eg#, a day, <* : tyxi*, 
friendship, 

A letter or syllable is called pure, which is preceded 
by a vowel or diphthong. [As ea in if ma, and impure, 
with a consonant before it as co in rvwla.'] 

THE SECOND DECLENSION. 

The second declension includes nouns of two termi- 
nations, and of all genders : in ^ of the masculine and 
feminine, and in ev of the neuter; as, 

Sing. N. o A<jy-<^, the word, G. D. A. -«v, V. -u 

Dual. N. A. V. G. D. - 0i v. 

Plur. N. -6iy G. -ay, D.-ots, A. V. -cu 

Sing. N. r<) |tA-dv, wood, G D. A. -ev, V. -a^ 

Dual. N. A. V. G. D. 

Plur. N. G. D. -a/5, A. V. 

* So also do nouns in a, contracted of «a, as jxvZ from ^varse, 
Contraction is the drawing of two syllables into one. 

■ B 2 



6 

Certain nouns of this declension acquire a new form 
peculiar to the Attics, by changing o pure into «, and 
the penultimate, » or into as, W$, the people, 
hedqj amy cum, a parlour, cuiayiav, and are thus declined : 

Sing. N. * A-e*>$, G. D. -ga>, A. -g6>v, V. -sa/$. 

Dual. N. A. V.-w, G. D. 

Plur. N. G.-ei», D. 

Sing. N. to way- eon, G. D. A, V. -tf<yy* 

Dual. N, A. V. -i»,.G. D. -e**. 

Plur. N. G. -£6>y, D. A. V. i». 

Some nouns also, which have not the last vowel pure, 
follow this form, except that, for the most part, they 
make their accusative in viz. "Aa^j, a court-yard, 
xdy&t, a hare; and some proper names. So also f/ E<jyj> 
Aurora, accusative "E<y. 

There are also some feminines in and ftwo in 
of a mixed form: that is, in the gen. dat. and acc. sing, 
declined as imparisyllabic, and also contracted; but in 
the dual and plural not differing from the common 
form in (3>^ as, 

Sing. N. i a female, G. D. -o< -o7, A. 

"lot -of, V. -cl. 

Dual. N. A. V. G. D. 

Plur. N. -oi 9 G. -M, D. A. -ot>$, V*-e*. 

N. B. In each number, the nom. acc. and voc. of neu- 
ters are the same; and in the plural, the Attic form ex- 
cepted, they end in oc. 

THE THIRD DECLENSION IMPARISYLLABIC. 

The third declension has nine terminations: three 
vowels, #, v, of the neuter gender; a of the feminine; 
and five consonants, v, f , £, ^ °f a ^ genders. 

Sing. N. q t*t*v, Titan, G. vitocv-(&> } D. -;, A. V. 
m TiTtiv. 

Dual. N. A. V. G. D. 

Plur. N. -g«, G. -#y, D. ^-(r<, A. V. 

* So did all anciently. 

f Ai%f, modesty, and r«^, Aurora are seldom found in the 
plural. 

* See the third rule. 



7 



Sing. N. Td a body, G. -«1<^, D. -*]/, A. 

V. 

Dual. N. A. V. -#t£, G. D. -xrotv. 

Plur. N. -ctru, G. -«ct*jv, D. -ace/, A. -#r#, V. -«fr#. 

The variation of the vowels and consonants before (& 3 
on account of the increase of the genitiv e case, may be 
better learned from the lexicon and practice. 

RULES SUITED TO THIS DECLENSION, AND TO THE 
VARIATION OF NOUNS I MP ARI S YL L ABIC . 

I. OF THE ACCUSATIVE SINGULAR. 

The accusative singular of nouns, whether masculine 
or feminine, ends in a. 

Except — (1) Nouns ending in § after / or v, (except 
sv$, a good man) if their genitive end in @h pure, 
change c into v in the accusative: as i o'*V, a sheep, 
SiV i [*&vSi an old womaTVyg«o?, yguvv, 

(2) Gravitons,* in and t>$. which have @h impure in 
the genitive, make the accusative both in -#and as, 
contention, ?^/^(^-, andsgtv: xa^vj, a helmet, 
and jco£vv. So «Xs<s, a key, *cA£<^#, and *Ae*y, and 
words compounded with arSj, the foot, as, O<3/-9r0?«; 
CEdipus, -5r5v. 

II. OF THE VOCATIVE SINGULAR. 

The vocative is like the nominative: except, that, 

(1) Nouns ending in $ after / or v reject the $ in the 
vocative, as n^<§, Paris, £S$, a bull, flap, £S. Unless 
they be acutitons,t in /$, and usj as # Iast/s, hope, %A#^v£, 
a cloak: also # tsr£$, 

(2) Nouns which are varied by fl®- form their voca- 
tive by throwing off as I y\^m> an old man, yi%<ivl<&> 9 
a y'^ov. But nouns in s*]©*, have the vocative in 
and gv^ as *Xu,%itt$ 9 broad, # ^Aa^ae* and nXotxhv. 

(3) Gravitons in -osv(^, >jv -sv@-», «v^», #g -a^^, 
and for the most part those in «g form the vocative 

* Gravitom, called also Barytons, are nouns wnich have no 
accent on ti c last syllable. 

| Acutitons, or oxytons, are nouns which have an acute ac- 
cent on the last syllable, 



a 



from the genitive by throwing off as, pTjrag, an ora- 
tor, pKT6%(&> 9 6o jWTcg: also Iloc-g/S^p, Neptune, -avos,neH?a$ov, 
and «r#Tj}£, a Saviour, -Sg©?, (rang. But all nouns in w -gcj, 
by rejecting as Z#*g<*nK, Socrates, - go$, Xaxgocles. 

III. OF THE DATIVE PLURAL. 

The dative case plural is formed from the dative sin- 
gular, by rejecting 2, *, t, and assuming c before r 3 

as, t<t£v< -etc-;, crapccTt -ct<rt. 

But -ev?< of the dative singular, becomes as, AsW/, 
from As#?, a lion, Ag^<r<: e< becomes *g#<r/ in nouns which 
end in and are subject to syncope: as,$r#Ti£, a father, 
5f\»Tg/, ^r^cf. And, among the poets, in all nouns t 
becomes rcrt or £<r^; as, iytudv> a leader, jjfg^ov*, ifipono'i, 
or, g«r<r/. 

Nouns ending in |, or g after a diphthong, form 
the dative plural from the nominative singular by add- 
ing <; as, ko£*%i a raven, tco%u%t, /3«c-<Agtte a king, -hivni 
only xts7$, a comb, *?gV*, arSs, a foot, woo-/', an ear, acrL 

N is added to the dative plural ending in i, if a vowel 
or diphthong follows, as, %tyrhi anniM^ with unwash- 
ed hands; and every where, among the poets.f 

IV. OF SYNCOPE. 

Some nouns in *jg -ggc$ lose e by syncope, in the geni- 
tive and dative cases singular and dative plural; as ttc&~ 
Tjj^, a father, ^«tjj£, a mother, yaw^, the stomach; but 
S-vyaryfy a daughter, Aqwrrug,- Ceres, retain it in all the 
imparisyllabic cases. In like manners a man; only, 
for g ommitteds it takes 3; as, e>A%oc i^^. To this rule 
refer a lamb, «gv<?$, k^f, a dog, xsws, &c. the- mid- 
dle vowel being omitted. 

THE DECLENSIONS OF CONTRACTED NOUNS. 

The declensions of the contracted nouns arise from 
the last declension of the simples making the genitive 

* So ag>vi -orjn, vh vicccrt* but yctrfig -vipcru 

f N is added to uxoin through all the cases, as, «xo<r*v ctvfgzf, 
twenty men, for moo-i av^c; indeed to all words ending in e or t t 
if the next word commence with a vowel, v may be added. 



y 



in @- pure. They are called contracted nouns, because, 
in their variations, two syllables are contracted into 
one. But a contraction is made either in all the cases 
whose final syllable is pure,* as in the first declension 
of the contracts; or in some particular cases only; the 
dat. sing, and the nom. acc. and voc. plural, as in the 
last declension. Eg andg#, when $ follows, may be con- 
tracted into a-, but when $ does not follow, into the 
Attics sometimes into «. 

THE FIRST DECLENSION OF THE CONTRACTS. 

The first declension of the contracts has three termi- 
nations, in -»$ of the masculine and feminine, and in -g$, 
and of the neuter: as, 

Sing. N. if SftwgetT-ijs, Socrates, G. -g©*» D. -ii -«7, 
A. -ioi V. -6?. 

Dual. N. A. V. -£g -Sf, G D. Am -o7v. 

Plur. N. -£g$ -u$,G,4a>v -av, D. -gcri, A.-wg -s*$,V,-gg$ -11$, 

Sing. N. to i a wall, G. D. -sV-n, A.-©*^ 

V. 

Dual. N. A. V. G. D. -eotv 
Plur. N. -tec G. -i&v D. -&t, A. -zx, V. -t? 9 
Some proper nouns of this declension are declined in 
the accusative, like substantives of equal syllables: as, 
'A£t?o$oiyii$) Aristophanes, 9 A£i?oQ*w» So also the com- 
pounds of ?t©-, a year, in certain cases; as, i?rr#er*s, se- 
ven years, in the accusative plural.| 

THE LAST DECLENSION OF THE CONTRACTS.§ 

This declension has five terminations: in t% of the 
masculine and femine genders; in gt>? and v? of the mas- 
culine only; in t and v of the neuter: as 

Sing. N. o o(p't$> a serpent, G. D. -ii-7, A. V.-*. 
Dual. N. V. A. G. D. 

Plur. N. -ag -7$, G. D. A. -7$, V. -*g$ -7$. 
* Except the dative plural. 

f Appellative substantives in vc -toe are seldom read, 
j The compounds of xXfo$- are doubly contracted, as Ugx&k-iwg, 
y)C gen. eeoc, ewf, eg£, oo^, &C. 

§ Contractions take place here only in the dat, sing,, and in 
the nom. accus. and voc. plural. 



10 



According to the Attic dialect, the genitives of noun> 
in t$ are more frequently expressed by -gtf$, g^v, and g*>v, 
and cases contracted by e f : as, i<pim* o<psi*v,'oQim, oQh, 

Sing. N. to G-inn-t, mustard, G. -«o$, D.--i7 -7, A. -i, V#-v. 
Dual. N. A. V. -<g, G. D. -/<j/y. 
Plur. N. -ia -7, G. -teav, D. A. -7, V. -7. 
Sing. N. o ficcrih-ev$i a king, G. D. -s7 -g7, A. -g#> 
V. -gv. 

Dual. N. A. V. -gg, -S, G. D. 

Plur. N. -gg? -e7$, G. g<»y» D. v<n, A. -\*$ -g7$, V. -gg? -g7s« 
Sing. N. o o-ggVg-vs, an old man, G. D. -g'/-g7, 

A.-t/y, V. -v. 

Dual. N. A. V, -gg -u, G. D. 

Plur. N. -gig -us, G. -g#y, I). -g«r<, A. -6#« -sr$, V. -gg* 'tig. 

Sing. N. tc a? v, a city, G. -t&>, D. •§/ -g/, A. -v, V. 

Dual. N. A. V. -gg G. D. -Utv. 

Plur. N. -ia -q, G. -tup, D. A. -g<* -jj, V. -jj. 

Of these, particularly if they be of themasculine gen- 
der, the genitive is more frequently in $m. 

GENDERS OF NOUNS, 

The genders of nouns are known either by their sig- 
nification or declension. 

Rules arising from the *signification, are common 
among the Greeks and Latins. 

In the first declension, the gender is certain. 

In the second : Nouns in for the most part are 
masculine, except about seventy, which are feminine, 
and a few common. In e?, with the exception of the pro- 
per names of females they are always neuter — In the 
third, nouns in -«», ->jv, -vt—in -t/g, — in (ex- 
cept feminine, and -#s -«ro$, neuter) — in 
(except, -t>j5 -tS}7o$ feminine,)— in -g/?. -gvs and -ag — 
are generally masculine. 

Nouns in y|, e3«»y, or r^ai— in tv or -ivos — in -g/£, 
(except some masculines in -<of,) — •w -y$ and-g?> 
are, for the most part, feminine. 

* But the names of precious stones are feminine, 



it 



Nouns in «g and *g are neuter: except o 'iy&xfy the 
brain, a starling, i Idpu^ a dame. 

HETEROCLITES, OR IRREGULAR NOUNS } 

Are either (1) variable, (2) defective, or (3) redun- 
dant. 

I. NOUNS WHICH VARY THEIR GENDER. 

These are masculine, in the singular; and neuter, in 
the plural: 'e^st^j, an oar, lyyog, a yoke, r^ru^, Tar- 
tarus, xe^^a-i/y pulse, in the plural The following 
nouns are masculine and neuter in the plural: Aic/m's, a 
chain, a station, kvkXo^ a circle, Av^vo?, a lamp, 

mvipo$ 9 the thigh, ^<5^a«$, a lever, y^res, the back, n-vgcos, 
a torch, ?m6/xos, a standing, ragc^, a hurdle, r^^Aos, the 
neck, #«A/yo$, a br die, in the plural <>* or cc. 

In the singular a way, with its compounds, and 
nlbtfi 2l city, are feminine; in the nominative and accu- 
sative dual, masculine. 

II. CASE. 

Some neuters in seem to form their genitive from 
nouns in as v t *ct%, the liver, %niu%, advantage, p^sag, a 
well, &c. to these add, f*A*, milk, [*Xc6xro$ y a dream, 
fou^otrtq, viag, water, vhuTo^ s$, the ear, arts, &c. Zg£$, 
Jupiter, is thus declined: sing. Nom, o Zzv$ 9 G. Zws or 
A/a?, Sec. V. Zgy. 

III. GENDER AND CASE. 

Sing. Nom. i r«>5, a woman, G. yvy*;x^, D. A. 
Dual. N. A. V. 74>-*7xs, G. D. -a^y. 

Plur. N. G. -ottKraty D. A. -aefxacs, V. -uiictto 

Sing. N. u x*/£, the hand, G. *#s/$«$, D. -/, A. V.-#, 

Dual. N. A. V. T6> G. D. rac<y #s/ga7y. 
Plur. N. %*t£t$) G. -£y, D. #*g<r/, A. V. -£$. 

* The Poets, in all cases of unequal syllables, add 



NOUNS WHICH ARE DEFECTIVE. 



I. IN CASE. 

Aptotes:* these are the names of the letters, as «Ap^ 
natural sounds, as *a7, the cry of a young hog; and words 
put artificially: also foreign names; as, A#S/3: and 
some particular words; as, to a«$, profit, a debt, 
&c. 

Monoptotes; as, i a present, Sect 
Diptotes; as, <? a stone, A. Xoiotv; a Xtg> a lion, A. 
A/V. 

Lastly triptotes; as, o «J i p£%Tv$> a witness, A. pec^rvv, 
Dat. plur. pot£Tv<ri. 

Some proper names have but three terminations, 
which, however, suffice for all cases; as, N. o 'l5j<rs$, Je- 
sus, G. D. V. 'iijc-S, A. <5>6fAA^ Thomas, -2v. 
Certain neuters which have three cases, have but one 
termination; as, Bgsras, a statue, Ag^*$, the body, 8cc. 

III. IN NUMBER. 

Proper names want the dual and plural number, as 
belonging to one person or thing only: also o the 
air, >j cixgj the sea, &c. Some names of feasts and cities 
want the singular and dual: as Amurta, the rites of Bac- 
chus, 9 A($mt) Athens: names applicable to several in- 
dividuals; as, 'Evpivihg, the furies, "E^ogd/, the Ephori: 
also other nouns; as, xrsgg*, funeral solemnities, &c. . 

NOUNS WHICH ARE REDUNDANT. 

I. IN THE NOMINATIVE. 

Masculines in *jg and^g; as, o xxfovfy a summoner, 
KhvTUfy an inviter. 

Feminines, in a and jj; as 2#vkj chaff, chaff. 
Neuters in og and or; as, 10 SsvS^as, a tree, and SsyS^y, 

* An aptote (from a without, and txrlQa-ig a case) is a noun not 
declined with case; a monoptote has only one oblique case, a 
diptote two, and a triptote three. 

f So also m xpia necessity. Homer's Iliad, book x. line 172. 

w rav, Ho, you sir; ul KxtolkkhQsc the Fates. 



13 



a tree. And others of various genders and different ter- 
minations. 

II. IN THE GENITIVE* 

Some nouns in ag make their genitive according to 
the form of the second and third of the simples; as, e 
v&g, the mind, G. *S,or vols: some in &$, according to the 
form of the second Attic and third common; as, o h/Livag, 
Minos, G. Mtw and Mwfljj ysAa>$, laughter, ysA*, yixalogi 
some in according to the form of the third of the 
simples and second of the contracts; as, Ttygtg, Tigris, 
-iSos, -tog. 

To the redundants is to be added, a great number of 
words, which become heteroclites by being contracted* 
These are either 

1. 'OPiofl-tft&j, suffering contraction in all their cases. 
In the first declension: as, e E^s«?, Mercury, -Jfe -g«, 

-£?. M*tf#, a pound, 

In the second: as, Noog, the mind, v§. 'Os-sav, a 

bone, Jr«v, -S. 

In the third: as, TlXuxotig, broad, -2$, -oWo?, -xflog, and 
many others of various terminations. To these belong 
some neuters in which in the genitive lose r, and 
thus become contracted; as, 

Sing. N. to xlg-ug, a horn, G. -xrog -xog D.-#t< »#? 
A. V. x'zgotg. 

Dual. N. A. V. -<*rg -at G. D. -«r«<ir -dotv -m, 
Plur. N. -xrct -oca G. -etTm -ctav -<yy, D. &C. 

2. Or, 'OA/yosr<5j^, which are contracted in N. A. V. 
plural: and these are, either in vg; as, fioT^vg, a bunch of 
grapes, -v$g -vxg -vg: or in xvg -uog; as, mv^ a ship, meg, 
vuccg, vctvg: or in *g 5 as, /3s$, a bull, fioss, fioag, /3S$: or, final- 
ly, in #$; as, \ig> contention, \ihg, t£ti*g, \ag> 

OF DENOMINATIVES. - 

Substantives frequently produce other substantives 
called Denominatives, which may be divided into (1) 
the Feminine, (2) the Patronymic, (3) the Diminutive? 
(4) the Amplificative. 

C 



14 



S. THE FEMININE. 

The Feminine in a or 3 is formed from its masculine, 
without any change of the accent and number of sylla- 
bles; as, 0e<», a goddess, from God; Kog«, a girl, 
from xo'gas, a boy: those of other terminations by chang- 
ing one, or both; as, 'Oge^s, mountainous places, from 
'Otfrfoy Orestes, a proper name signifying loftiness, 
(&*r$Xu* } a kingdom, from fie*TtXev$ y a king, &c. 

II. THE PATRONYMIC 

Is a proper name of a person, and is derived gener- 
ally from the name of a father, sometimes of a grand- 
father, or a mother. When masculine, it is formed from 
the genitive of the primitive, by changing the termina- 
tion commonly in (in nouns of the first of the sim- 
ples into and after a long syllable into i*hs 9 as, 
Hf^i^s, a son of Priam, from rig/a^i Axi^rteth?* a son 
of Laertes, from A«^t«. 

The feminine in tg is formed from the masculine by 
rejecting <5V, as, Hes-o^n, a daughter of Nestor, Nsfe^'$: 
if in jjfe, from the nominative of the primitive by chang- 
ing the termination; as, Xgt><rjj$, xSyo-n^, Cryses, Cryseis. 

The Ionic patronymics end in/<wv; as, Kgo^y, for Kgo- 
^3j5$, both of which are from Kgo'vos, Saturn. 

III. THE DIMINUTIVE 

Of various terminations, is either masculine: as, lg<&~ 
*rv*6$ 9 a little lover, from gg#«, love: or feminine; as, nat- 
hffxv, a damsel, from 5r«<s, a child: or neuter in as, 
wotihtM) an infant, from-srajs, a boy, sr«<2d$- 

IV. THE AMPLIFICATIVE 

Is also of various genders and terminations; as, -zrul- 
a youth, from sr#7$, a boy, %tQ*£hM, a stone, from 
a pebble. 

OF ADJECTIVES * 

Adjectives follow the analogy and irreg 
substantives. 

* It is a pity that the name adnoun is not substituted for ad- 



15 



And in the nom 
they have 



(either! Three terminations, 
or >Two, > And these are declin- 
J One. S 



or 



ed with three articles. 



Adjectives of three terminations end 
Masc. Fern. Neut. 

# 7 declined like the first and se- 
\ cond declension of the simples, 
imparis -«y ) like the third and first of the 
-S7<7« -gy 5 simples. 

like the second of the con. and 



-«5 



-vs -six 



I like 
5 first 



of the simples. 



In o?; as, sing. nom. **A«o?, good, -A -h, Sec. (1). But 
adjectives in -o$ pure and -go;, make the feminine in w } 
as *V'0?> n °ly> * yoga's, flowery, eying*. Except ad- 
jectives in -ee$ denoting matter; as, #gt/o-w$> golden -su, 
and numerals in -ocs; as, eying, the eighth, -o'jj. 'AsrAoo?, 
uncompounded, -2$, «^o'>5 -2 are excepted. 

In as, sing. nom. sr£$, all, srSV*, ^*y, &c. (2). Ex- 
cept ^gAcs«, (3) black, sing. nom. ~ug ~utv* -#y, Msy*$ (4) 
great, ^sytfAu, ^sy#. 

In 5/^5 as, %cttfui, (5) graceful, -ec-cr* -gy, &c. 

In vr, as, sing. nom. h^vg, Sharp, -uot, - v , &c. (6) Ex- 
cept t^d^fS? (7) many, which the poets decline through 
all cases, according to the form of the second declension 
of the contracts; as, sing. nom. vroXvg -Ug, D. u u, kc^ 



(1) 

KAAOS, good. 
Singular. 
G. KxX-is, v\g, S. 

D. 

A. xotX-ov, ijy, cv, 
V. KeoX-t, t), of. 



Dual. 
N.A.V. siux-a, 
G. D. kxX-oTv, 

Plural. 



e, 
oclv, 



6>. 

c7f. 







AS. 


G. xccX-aiv, 






D. BttA-O??, 






A. **A-£$, 




«. 


V. xctX-of, 







jective as in Milner's Greek Grammar. The adjective bears the 
same relation to the noun as the adverb does to the verb. 
* Except ocMo, at/To. exewp. 

t The poets also use xo\\og, -n, 



16 



(£) at* 

nAS, all. 

Singular. 
N. 5r-£<r> Zvct, 

A. 7T'civlot 9 u<rccvy 
V. 5r-«£, 



#yT$S, 
etvri. 



Dual. 

CD. 9r-fljv7oiy, e&rcctVs etvlotv. 
Plural. 



N, 








G. 


5r-#v7#y, 


CtCCOVy 


ccvl&v. 


D. 






cto-t. 


A. 








V. 









(3) MEAA2, black. 



Singular. 
N. piX-u$ s UlVX, 

G. f4iX~UVOS, CitVYiS) 

A. piX-oim, utvxv, 

V. filX'MV, HtVX, 



civ. 
avc$. 

OLVt* 
Ot>V« 

e&v* 



Dual. 

N.A.V. fAtX'KVi, cttvx, CCVi. 

G.D. ptX-ctvotv, utvctiy, avou. 
Plural. 

N. (AlX~Ot.Vi$, UiVCCt, CSVC6. 

G. piX-ctvav, etiwv, avav. 
D. peX-c&cri, cttvxiS, x<rt. 
A. ^sA-#v*s, «<y#$, #y#. 



(4) MeTAS, great. 
Singular. 



N. pey-ag 


ccXvi, 


u* 


G. ^gy-fltAtfj 


*xns> 


etXa* 


D # fLt£Y'xXa) t 


ccXn> 


etXa. 


A. |668y-c6V, 


aXyv, 




V. pty-ccj 


etXn, 


oc. 



Dual. 

N.A.V. 
G.D. 



Plural. 
N. ftiy-uXot, 
G. 

D. pzsy-uXoig, 
A. f&zy-ciXovgy 
V. ftiy-xXoi, 



ocXat, aXcc* 

uXaVy o&Xav. 

ctXoeig, uXotg. 

c&Xccsy o&Xec. 

uXoii) ccXoi. 



(5) XAPIEIS, graceful. 
Singular. 

N. ^^<-2<? 9 i7706 t gy. 

G. ^dcgi-frlojj g(7<rj{?, svlog: 
D. ##g*-gy7/> ecff-ff, gv7<. 
A. %ct^-evlcty trtrccv, ev. 



govae> ey. 



Dual. 

N.A.V. ##£<-ey7g, gcff'flc, gy]g. 
G.D. ftoiQi'ivlGtV) e<r<rcuv y zvloiv* 

Plural. 

N. xccgf'ivlts, tvaeti, tvlx. 
G. ^flc^i-gv7^f, iro-uv, tf\m* 



17 



(6) oHY2, sharp, 



Singular. 

G. *f 

D. o%-ei eT gtot, 
A. <5|-vv,* g<«y, 

Dual. 
N.A.Vt Jf-gg, not, 
D.G. 1%-iotf, s/fl6/v, 



t/. 


N. 5TdA-v$, 


Ai), 






G. sreA-AS, 




Aciu 


f '/ g?. 


D. TffoX'XcO, 


Aw, 


Atf., 


. 


A. ?TflA-V?j 


A>jy, 


i>. 


V. 




Ajj, 





N. *|-gg$, 

G. ©|-gftfy, 

D. •l-go-f, 
A. o|-g0e^ 
V. *|-gg*, 



Plural. 

g?5, g/#/, 



£8. 



Stri. 
toe,, 
tee. 



(7) nOAYX, many, 
Singular. 



Dual. 

N.A.V. tf-aA-Aa;, A#, A*?. 
G.D. ^rflA-Afl<v 5 A«<», Aa/y* 



Plural. 



fl*dA-Adf, 
O'oA-Atfy, 

7Tt>A-A6<5j 

TroA-Adt;?, 
w«A-A«/ ? 



A«<j 

A&>y 5 

AfllCifj 

A«?, 

A#4, 



Atf, 

A«y. 
Ae<$* 
A*. 

A«, 



TERMINATIONS PECULIAR TO PARTICIPLES ONLY. 



#y, 



gi£, Sitrciy W, 



VffOC, 

via, 
cocrois 



vv, 



Second future Active. 

{First and Second Aorist Passive, and 
Second Aorist of the second con- 
jugation of Verbs in fit. 
3d Conjugation of Verbs in fit. 

Verbs in vfit* 
Perfect Active and Middle. 
Perfect Middle Ionic. 



TTIiaN, being about to 
strike. 



G. rvTF'UVTOZ, 
D. TVir'UfTt) 

A. rv*r-vir#> 

V. ?V7T-m 9 



Singular. 



h (rob, 

&0TYI, 
V70C, 



VVTl. 

«y. 
ay. 



Dual. 

N.A.V. W7F- a pre, atrz. 
G.D. rvTF-xflotv, avow, x*lctv* 
Plural. 

N. TV7T MVTiS* fiCOtt, XtTtt. 
G. rV7T'fiVT6tfVy 

Dc rvar-aff-;, 
A. Tvir-avrccg, 
V. rvTravrtty 



arm, Hnm* 
Urea? 

it roc?, am** 



* The poets make the masculine and feminine of this case in * » 
f Contracted from «-u/«, a-o^. 

C2 



18 



Tr$>0ElS, struck. 
Singular. 

N. 

D. TV<p0-gVT/j ittrny iVTt. 

A. Tv(p$-w?cc, wrctf, ev. 
V. Tv<p6-et$) itcrx, ev. 

Dual. 

N.A.V. TV^-gVTg, g/C#, gVTg. 

G.D. Tt><p0 iv\oiY)U<roitv 9 ifloty. 

Plural. 
N. rvtpQ-iVTiS) wrctt, sir** 

G. Tt>(^^-gl/Tft>V) SICO/V, iVTCJV* 

D. rvtyb-tiviy iivvus, urt. 
A. tv^-vt#£j fvrac. 

V. TV<p0-6VTg?, gVT<*. 

AlAOYS, giving. 

Singular. 
N. ^o-flf, ©y. 

D. §<2-di»T/, »Cf5 ey*v. 
A. S/S'OVTflC, uvotVy ev. 

V. SOVS, 09. 

Dual. 

N.A.V. 2^0VT3, £<T#> 

G.D. $l$-6VT0iV 9 dV%/?. 

Plural. 

G. ^th-ovzavy arm, cvrm. 
D. tiTiy Xo-c&tf) &cri. 

A. 2/B~dVTfl£?, flVTflft. 



TeTY<M22, having struck* 

Singular. 
N. rervQ-as) vt*y *$. 

G. TSTt^-OTdS, fMg$, OTfl£. 
D. T&TUtP'OTf) VIOiy OTU 

A. TsrvQ-orct) vtxty o$. 

V. T*TV^-.tf£, t/f* 9 

Dual. 

N.A.V. rtrvQ-oTi, viae, ore. 

G. D. TiTvQ-OTOtVy VtCCtVf OTOtV. 

Plural. 

N. TgTV$-OTgS) V/flft/, dTflC. 
G. TiTvQ-oTM, VlUVy OTM* 

D. rtrvCp-ocri, vixt$y *wu 
A. rgrv^-dr^Sj vtec$y era, 

V. TiTvQ-OTiS, Vl*ly 07*. 

ZEYrNYS, joining. 

Singular. 

N. ^gyyv-tt?, vvoty t/y. 

G. ^gvyy-yvroj, vfjj?, vvrsg. 

D. Qsvyv-vtri, i/c]?, «vt/. 

A. fyvyv-MTXy vrxf s vv* 

V. fyvyv-vs, i/^ac, t/y. 

Dual. 

N.A.V. Zpvyv-vflty veoty vvru 
G.D. ^gvyv-t/vra/y, vo-aiVy viler/* 

Plural. 
N. ^evyv-vvres, v9ct^ vvrcc. 
G. Qvyv-vvTWy vr&Vy wrav. 
D* tyvyv-v<rt, wcttsy vvi. 
A. Ifvyv-WToiSi vwrot. 

V. l^eVyt'VVTify Vt&ly VVT&. 



19 



e £STQs, standing. 
Singular. 



N. &-Zg 9 




cog. 


N. 


Plural. 








arog. 






coret. 


D. s?-ari) 




art* 


G. 






gotm* 


A. if~aTX) 


covet?, 


cog. 


D. 




eocrotig^ 


covi. 


V. 




cog. 


A. 


if-vretg, 


arctg. 










V. 


W'COrig, 







Dual. 

N.A.V. If-ars, covet, cots* 

G.D. W-GOTOtV, GOV etlly £?*tVr 



ADJECTIVES OF THREE ARTICLES AND TWO TERMI 
NATIONS END 

Common. Neuter. 

^*og ov 2d of the simp 
/$ < " 

7)9 iV 

vg v 

ivgxv ^>3d of the simp 



In<t 



cog o% 



as 5 a>g 



^ ^g tg 1st of the cont. 

(1) es . 

Singular. 



M. 8c F. N. 

G. \V06% V y 

D. COy 
A. Ii/^of—av, 
V, lvdo^-ej ov. 

Dual. 
N.A.V. jti3«g-», 
G.D. 



ay; glorious, 
%v%m£-k, /, gsacious. 
<&pp'viv, sv, maniy. 
c&deixg-vg) v, teartess. 
^5r-y ? , two footed. 
Ivdaip-av') ov, blessed. 

og, mag- 
nanimous. 
v.«AnM$) 2$, true. 



Plural. 



G, lt/ldf— 

D. I«3d| — 
A. lt/?©|-«?, 
V. ivS*|-e/, 



(2) * 
Singular. 
M. & F. 

G. g^fltg— /Td?« 

D. et^aeg—— m. 

A. iV%tog-lT66 & S») 
V. SV##£ ^ 



No 



* According to the Attics, o>c -«v; Ivyeae 

f So also adjectives contracted into -e^ -oov 



Dual 

PluraL 
N. gv%*g-<TS$ 5 <r#. 
G. e^flcg— <T»y« 
D. sy^<9tg — /c^. 

A. iVftOLQ-lTOtS, t7CC. 
V. il%oi£-lTiS, iTcC* 

(3) 

Singular. 
M. Sc R N. 

G. — fMjfr 

D. 2pp — gv*. 

A. otpp-iv»i $y* 
V, ^ — gv. 

DuaL 
N.A.V. Upp-m. 
G.D. kpp mm* 

Plural. 

N. upp-iVsg, tw* 
G. 

D. go-/. 

A. Itpp-lvecS) 

V. iipp'&esj w*. 

(4) w . 

Singular. 
M. 8c F. N. 

G. SbhtfM.^ VCJ. 

D. 

A. ci}etx.g-vv, (/. 



DuaL 

N.A.V. «?««g-yg. 

G.D. 

Plural. 
G. t>ft>r, 

A. aliuxg-vctq, v$ 9 VS6* 

Singular. 
M. & F. N. 

G. ?<5T— ©SfiJ. 
D. §<9T-v-eSl. 

A Si7T oboe & «v, »v. 

V. 3<w »5 Sc 

Dual, 
N.A.V. Sva-oJe.. 
G.D. oiK-'odw, 

PluraL 

G. 3<«* — ©Jaw. 

D. 60-/. 

A. SVjt ©Ja** 

(6) «r. 

Singular. 
M. & F. N. 

N. Zv$&tfA-6*f, 6V. 
G. €vdalfi—6f6S» 

D. I y^iei^— 0M # 

A. sySa^-ofa, #?, 

V. o*. 



Dual. 

N.A.V. lv$ui'/u,-ovz. 
G.D. Iv^ctif^-ovoiu 

Plural. 

N. zvdxtjto-ovzg, evx, 

G. Ivdctiu — ovav. 

D. IvdcttjtA — do-f. 

A. ev^oittA ovotg, ovcc. 

V, ivietifA-cvts tvot. 

(7) «g. 

Singular. 
M. & F. N. 

G. ^gyasAjjT — o%o$. 
D. ^gyacAtfT-— «f <. 
A. ^gyflCAjjr-dgce, 
V. |Wgy#A>jT— og. 

Dual. 

N.A.V. 
G.D. 



Plural. 
N. (tegyaAjjT-ogejj 
G. |ttgy«A)jT — ogajy. 

A. /tcsy#A>}T-$g#£, 
V. ^gy#AjjT-0gg$, 



eg*. 



N. 



(8) «. 
Singular, 

M. Sc F. 

G. cchnQ — g«5, 
D. ctXnQ — g<, g?. 
A. «Ajj0-g#, Jj, 
V. #A}j0 eg* 

Dual. 

N.A.V. «A»j0-gg, J?. 
G.D. ahqG-eotv, jtv. 

Plural. 
N. aX%8-siS) f7$) g#, k 
G. #A)j0— g^v, 

D. <£a>j0 — g^f. . 

A.#Ajj0 t7g, €ol) ?< 

V. tfAjjtf-ggj, 2<V, g#, jj, 



There are a few adjectives in -»v r varied accord- 
ing to the third declension of simples; as, at <V, 

Most compound and derivative adjectives in *$, have 
but two terminations; and, according to the Attics, they 
are all thus varied: except a few, which sometimes 
make their feminine different from the masculine; as s 
aQavccTog, deathless, -<*t>i, t^v, tender, -uw, &jAy$, effemi- 
nate, -gfdc, Sec. 

ADJECTIVES OF THREE ARTICLES AND ONE TERMINA- 
TION END 

In <v, £, $, |, or ^ as o ^ i ^ r^/yA^/y, triple-point- 
ed, pdxafy happy, 'sroxvhtgat) pyramidical, *g33-«£, raven« 
ous, alOioTpi an Ethiopian. 

Adjectives, which in the nominative end as a substan- 
tive have its terminations in the rest of the cases, re- 



* m 

gard being had to their genders; as, gracious^ 
-*tos, a few excepted. 

Many adjectives, particularly compounds and deri- 
vatives, seem to have two genders only; and are rarely 
found in the neuter; as, (ptxixxw, a true Grecian: and 
some, one gender only; as, <ptXofi*vitevs, a. king's friend. 
To this head may be referred some nouns in -u$ of the 
first of the simples, and their correspondent feminines 
in -tq of the third; as, fionXx-Tw, a herdsman, G. 

IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES. 

Many numerals are irregular: also cardinals; as r E*$, 
one, §vo, two, Tge7$, three, &c. Sing. Nom. eJ$ plot, ?*, G. 
iyo$, t ui£g, \vb<; y D. hi> A. /te/«v, h 9 the rest are 

wanting. So also the compounds k and pnhk> vyhich 
are also found in the plural. 

Sing, wanting, Dual N. A. *A v o, G. Stw*, fern. 2ve7v, 
D. $vct. But civo is of all genders, and has all cases, ex- 
cept the dative. Avo is rarely declined. 

Dual. N. A."A^p#, both, G. D. apQetv, of all genders; 
the rest are wanting. 

Plur. N. 0/ ftj kt T%it$ Kj T(6 G. T£tM, D. T£<0*/, A. 

PlUlV 01 *J eCl TWG-CttfS TC6 T2G-<7#gCS, G. TeFFX£&V 9 D. 

TerG-ctgri, A, t#$ T&Foigecc k} izo-crct^a* 

Cardinals from four to a hundred are not declined; as 
^ysm, five, |x*T0f, a hundred : but after a hundred they 
are declined regularly; as, ^ictx,Utoi, two hundred, -«e. 

Ordinals are adjectives which exactly answer to the 
question, What number or order ? as, irg&ros, first, Jgim- 
§05, second, r^/ro?, third. From whence arise adjectives, 
referring to days; as, ^g«T<«<0$, the first, &c. and these 
are ail regular. 

Numerals, signifying the increase of number, in ?rAoW 
-Ss, suffer contraction in all their cases;" as, gWao^j, two- 
fold more, Matth. xxiii. 15, 2*a-A*j. 

TO ADJECTIVES BELONG COMPARISON. 

The degrees of comparison are the same as in Latin. 
The positive ends in *g, <*s, e<f, »jv, jjs. *$, f, 0?, v$, aw. 



* According to the Attics $w. 



%% 

Adjectives in 0$, after a long* syllable from the com- 
parative by changing g into -regas, and the superlative 
into rxrog; as, o-a^v^i honourable, -ots§o$, -ot#tc$. After a 
short syllable they change into as, copes, wise, -*rg- 
£05, -«yr«To$« After a doubtful one they either retain or 
change 0; as, ixai-cg -<mg©s, -orxrog, and -^Tsgoj, -c^rxrog. 

f 'a H x^n^og. happy, 

i *s ! v %x£i-etg, ingot, isoLTtt) graceful. 
I I kt isiqH* wrog, gluttonous. 

I ^ J airX-ifs* «5"e£0$, x^rxTog, simple. 
§ } riqtA svtg^ g?eg0$, €s-<eT0$, tender. 
Ufl^iin- cpsj, 2? g«$. sV*T0s, temperate* 

I J ^sAars-acv Xvil(>Qq>, uviXToq black* 
} iv<n%hg-?t< sextos, pious. 

JS> J tv^v^-v-i vrlgog, i>T«6T0$, wide. 

But vg is often changed into tav and 45*05; as, ivg-vg, 
wide, -/&/v, -/5-05 And nouns in.| change eg of the plural 
into /Wgosj as, xg-nxZ, ravenous, xgnrxy-ig, ising, ifxrog. 

IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.^ 

1, In ©>>', as, easy, few,' px?<&>\ Ixiyog, a few, 

*Xt£av, oMytrog, &c. Some adjectives have several compa- 
ratives and superlatives, and these not unfrequently de- 
rived from different roots: those are, xyxhg^ good, eVflA^, 
good, xxKog, cowardly, ^*§o$, little. 







\ug 






*5 




*5 




m 


>!• 










xg 







ak 







9* -v [xjxsivav ^xyxQanxrogi 
AyxQog ,., / ' 

( \\x^iim agifog, occ. 



* The last syllable but one that has a long vowel or a diph- 
thong in it is always long, as pagor, so also if it have a short or 
doubtful vowel before a double consonant, or two consonants, as 
jrf^vof, tlvfo%os; but if it have a short vowel before a single conso- 
nant the syllable is short, as fiogog* 

f Omitting 1. 

i These irregular comparatives and superlatives really belong 
to, and may better be derived from, other words than the posi- 
tives usually assigned; — thiss ufiuvuv, from a intensive and pava, 
to endure, aguav, better, i. e. as Homer uses the word for more 
heroic in -war, from Agns, Mars, u§iros\ the greatest general. Bt\riuv 9 
/3cxr<rof, may come from fiovxojxw, to desire, or from (Sixos, a dart. 
Kgzta-G-av, or x^a7«»v, and x^alfrof, from x.gu1v$ 9 strong. Aatm and 
Kara?, from *<y, to will, &c. &c. 

§ Rarely. 11 These are rather from A^. 



Some in & reject o- } others u, from the comparative 
and superlative; as, beloved *QtXrv£*$, QiXrctTeg* 

According to the Attics many in are formed by s*-gg0$ 
and gV*r0$;'others by etirt^g and euTUT6$ y a few by /$-ggo$ 
and ts-xio$. 

2. Sn otq; as, piyets, great, piitotv and pelrcrav, ukytsoq. 

3. In v$j as, ttoXvs, many, tsXum and zrxiav, -srtefeog; be- 
sides others of different terminations. 

Comparatives in <yy, especially those which are irregu* 
lar, are contracted in the accusative singular, and nomi- 
native, accusative, and vocative plural; as, srAs/w, more: 

Sing. N. o f§ k The 1 6>f<> to irXlioi. 
G. Tea, rtjg. tov "&Xeiovo$* 

D. TAN T»J, T£0 7S-X£109(. 

A. -rev, Tii? zrXetevx, -zsXu*et) wtew, Td ttMm* 
V. £ vrXetov. 

Dual. N. A. t#, t#, t# isrAs/avg. 
G. D. Toiv, rettv, rotv -zrhuovoiv, 
V. a -srXuoyU 

Plur. N. «/, «<f, 7fXu*n$ 9 srtetois, TtXttws, ret zrtetovu) 

G. rm -zrXuot&n* 

D. to/5<. run, ™$ vrXetofft* 

A. t#$, retg TrXuovctgy zrXeicetg^ nXeiovS, ret, irteiovei) irXueeC) 

V. co ??Xuovb$) -&te<>it$s irtetov$) ret vrXstovet) irXuoet, zFXeia* 
Many comparatives in a$ and tew, have other compa- 
ratives; m being changed into 0T£%e$, as, x u ^ T H°?y 
much worse^ iav, changes and the preceding conso- 
nant into or\ as, 'Tsetyjim^ thicker, -zsetetrm. £So x.g#T0$ 3 
xgtl for x^etriw, stronger."] 

Other parts of speech! are also sometimes varied by 

* And also <piXiuv 9 <pi\is-o$. 

f So also certain superlatives; as, fXo^rcTf^o?. 

$ A second comparative or superlative degree is sometimes 
formed from a first superlative, as from iXu^ic-rogy the least, 
comes i\oLxio-TOTit.os, " less than the least;" from y.wJW*?, most 
glorious, is derived KuJWaroc, by far the most glorious. Some ad- 
jectives have no comparative degree, as ccvSguTtivoc, avQguxivtrulos, 
humane, most humane. Some have the comparative only, as 
a<f>u^T^oc 9 more rapid, and some only the superlative, as Eo-x*t°c> 
the last, v^lic-To;, the loftiest* 



25 

comparison, and when compared, they become adjec- 
tives; as, 

1. Substantives: many neuters in by changing <&> 
into im and ts<§>i as^A^®-, ctl<r%tw 9 xir%iros 9 baseness, 
more base, most base. "E#0e$, tyfiwv, enmity, 
more averse, most averse: and also, others of different 
genders and terminations. 

2. Verbs: by changing, for the most part, a into rggej 
and TotTo?. as, §etw, devTigcg, devictrcs, I moisten, more wet, 
most wet. 

3. Participles: by changing into W^og and e?«ra$; 
as, Ipfja^syes, tppafAiviftpf) I y$ a pin? euros, braved, braver, 
bravest. 

4. Pronouns: as, #vtos, uvtotxtos, he, his very self. 

5. Adverbs: as, nvd> y aw-ri^s, -rctros, high, higher, 
highest, &c. 

6. Prepositions: as, irgo, ^goTggos, irglretrtqy ^^Wa^ 
n^aTog, fore, former, foremost. e Yn-sg, tJsrf^gg©?, vws^og, 
above, higher, highest. 

PRONOUNS 

Are either simple or compound. 
Simple pronouns are, 

1. Primitive: as, lya>>* I, <rj, thou, §, of himself. 

2. Indefinite: as, S:T**,t and these have their peculiar 
forms of declension. 

Sing. N. £ya 9 G. Ipx or ^S, D. g^a/ or pot, A. I^g or ^wg\ 

Dual. N. A. veil y#, G. D. vauv v£v. 

Plur. N. i^s<s, G. jj^#y, D. ^/y, A. jj^tfc?, V. i/neTg. 

Sing. N. cv, G. crx, D. e-©7, A. o-g, V. <ri). 

Dual. N. A. V. <rp£f, <r<Pai, G. D. crQettv, cQ£v. 

Plur. N. vpits, G. J^v, D. y^/V, A. V. vpst$. 
Sing. N. is wanting, G. §, D. of, A. e. 
Dual. N. A. <r^^, c-^ig, G. D. <r^6><v, «-<p/v. 
Plur. N. <r<ps7$, G. <r#iyy, D. o-tpis-i, A. <rp£s. 
Sing. N. d ^ i *J to 3e/y#, G. rov tvs ?ov SsTvaf, and 
masculine, Sg<yflfTes,D. Tal hivxn, hivu, Jf/v#,?£ tti rphtvi, 

* Pronouns for the most part want the vocative; when they 
have, it is like the nominative, 
f Awa is seldom declined at all. 

D 



26 

A. rh 2f7vx, htm, j£ tJv ? Sum; the rest, i. e. the dual 
and plural are wanting.* 

3. Demonstrative; as, fating this, he. 

4. Relative; as, ai/tos, he, himself, with an article the 
same, os, who. 

5 Possessive;t as, iphq, mine, rag, thine, o$, his, vm?$- 
£0$, ours, for two, (repairing, yours, for two, ipirspe, ours, 
for more than two, vpktps, yours, formore than two, 
vQirtpg, theirs, for more than two. 

And all these are declined after the manner of adjec- 
tives in as, ipo$. ifcy. lpo\ 3 but sWves, \jluw, l%ii*o- 3 awros, 
avT*}, ecvTOj %tc$ somewhat otherwise. 

Sing. N. CtVTT)* TXTO, G. TSTtf, TOCVTVIS, T*T*, D. TfcTtf, 

Dual. N. A. tSt#, TMVTCt, 7X70, G. D. TtfTOfV, TUV7UIV, 

Plur. N. §T0/, avrxt, ruvrci) G. T*T#jf, D. tStc/Sj rctvrutgj 

T*TQt$y A. TST»f, TGlVTOCt, TCtVTCC, 

COMPOUND or defective}: pronouns. 

XixvrQ > -ettnh, ctvro. want the dual and plural, ex- 

'EuvtQ J -cept I#vtS. 
Plur. G. Ittvrav or uvrav, D. #7$, ©7$, A. -£?$, 
for which are read, Plur. G.c-<p£v, ^vr^v, D. <r<p<c/y «£it*<s, 
A. (rfaSi etvTXS* 

VERB. 

A verb is either personal or impersonal, transitive or 
intransitive, or neuter; as in Latin. 

* Afiv« is rarely read, unless with a preceding article. [The 
poets sometimes have 6 hig 9 which is but a contraction of three 
words o St ug 9 this or that one.] 

j- 1 he possessive pronouns are derived from the primitives, as 
lfjLo$, my, from lp.ov, gen. ofl^o, rf&tltjgos, our, irom ^e/?, we, cog, 
thy, from thou; so also vy,(T£§og 9 from C/u.ug 9 voiTt§og 9 from vw*, 

iTigog , from crpe*?, &c. &c. 

4: These pronouns are sometimes called reciprocals, but impro- 
perly defective ones. In reciprocation the action recoils upon the 
agent; we cannot say sf/otvrog <piXu 9 ccevrog <t>i\ug 9 but tftuvrov $i\a, I 
love myself, o-avrov <pt\ug 9 thou lo\ est thyself; the accusative point- 
ing out the person on whom the action returns. 



27 

The voices* are three; active, passive, and middle. 

The tensest in the active and middle voices, are 
eight; in the passive nine; the present, imperfect, pre- 
terperfect, plusquamperfect, first future, second future, 
first indefinite, second indefinite. Tn the passive voice, 
the paulo-post-future is added. 

The Tenses are either 

1. Principal, which in the active voice are the present, 
future, and perfect; but in the passive voice the present, 
perfect, and second indefinite: or, 

£, Cognate, and known by formation from other tenses. 

The Moods| are five: the indicative, imperative, opta- 
tive, which sometimes has the force of a potential, the 
subjunctive, and infinitive. 

The Conjugations are ten:§ four of the barytons,\\ 
three of the contracts, and three of the verbs in ut. 

The conjugations are distinguished by the letter of 
formation, or characteristic. The characteristic of the 

* The active voice properly signifies what we do to another; 
as, EjSxctvJ/a en, I injured you; the middle voice what we do to our- 
selves, t(l\x~lccfjLw 9 I injured myself; sfhxa&oLfjwv tov tto^oc, I hurt my 
foot;, the passive, what we endure from another, e/3\a?8»v, I was 
injured by you. The middle voice always expresses reflected 
action 

■f The present tense signifies I smite or am now smiting, 
tvx1q; the imperfect, I smote, or was then smiting, etwIov, the 
perfect, I smote, or have smitten, rtrvpx; the pluperfect, T had 
then smitten, tnlvpetv, the first and second aorist, called aogts-oi, 
or indefinite tenses, usually express the past, as sh^cc, stvttov, I 
smote. The first and second futures, rv^u, rvru, may be ren- 
dered, 1 shall smite hereafter, or I shall have smitten. The 
paulo-post-future, or ninth tense in the passive; intimates some- 
thing to be experienced in a shosttime, as Ttrv^ofsj&i, I shall be 
smitten presently. 

t The indicative mood declares, as Tv-xla, I smite; the impera- 
tive enjoins, as rvrle, smite thou; the optative to is hes t as £/9€tu^7o<- 
fjii, \ wish I may smite; the subjunctive attaches to itself some 
conditional term, as sav tvttIu, if I smite; the infinitive, a stran- 
ger to person and number, simply expresses the sense of the 
verb, as tvttIhv, to smite. It is frequently used for a noun, and 
possesses much of its nature. 

§ Properly speaking there are only four: for the contracts and 
verbs in are only a species of the third conjugation, differing 
in some particulars. 

The word baryton signifies a heavy or grave tone. 



38 



present is the letter preceding <a or opcct pt, or The <j 
characteristic of the future* and perfect is the peculiar 
letter of each. The characteristic of the future distin- 
guishes the conjugations of the barytons. 

They are called barytons, because the grave tone is 
always understood on their last syllable, 

CHARACTERISTICS . 

Of the Present, Future, Perfect. 

Cr'sn^x, I allure. 
J tixu<p*j I sacrifice. 
<p\ yky^oc^ot, I engrave* 
(jrgTt/<p«, I smite. 

f7TB7rXe%cc, I plait. 




J y tiya J I Ag|«s 



S CTrevJ^ j emit? a | 
^ajpurer/ft/J ljr/j# 



^ /3sS^%«, I moisterr. 
I uev%*> I dig. 



■ 

i 



I dig. 
kvvkoc, I complete. 
scotew^ I urge on. 

I fill up. 
Trsp^otKx, I explain e 
_t£t<*<&, I honour. 
ftyccXxct, I sing. 
| vinpwot, I assign. 
^ -&z<Qotyx,ot } I shine. 

LgVs3"#gx#, I SOW. 
iVTlpWLOti I CUt. 



* Some grammarians have asserted that the "subjunctive mood 
of verbs has no first future, Mr. Parkhurst, to prove the error, 
gives the following examples of its use, Mark xiii. 11. John xvn\ 
& Rev, xiii, 16. Eph, vi. 3. 1 Cor, ix. 18. Matt. xxvi. If. 



29 



s Z § S 

'II I g u J" 




f O 



3 3 ^ 



2 v» fc» . 



2 *• *• 
s « 



s s jr ^ 



*• ^? %a ^* « <t? 



, s § 3 s 

Uj VUJ \UI sv> su» 

I I I <S i 



bo 

03 1 



Vf» U» vj» 

Cjf ^ v» 



3 M 5 «13 
i • « » i i 



VJ» Vfs ^ W» V» ^ 
?????? 

i 1. 1- 1 

© © § o « ° 



^» 



t* t* i« fc» t» 



o 
> 

u 



3d 



b 



g a, S ^ i? |£ ^ s $ $ £ $ 
M o 

D 2 



5T» c ^ 



53 



80 



Infinitive fires. <sf imp. rvirl -e;v. Fut. l.rvj, -uv 9 Indef. 
1. wfy -xi, Perf. pluperf. <nrv<p Ami, Fut. 2. Indef. 2. 
TV7T -iiv. 

Participle pres. iv7f\ -m -cv, G. -ovtos -»<ms, -cvto$, 
<kc. So also, Fut. 1. rv^m, and Indef. 2. Tv^rav. 

Indef. 1. Tv<p -xg -xcrx -xv 9 G. -xvt&> -x<mf -xvr<&> 9 &c« 
Perf tztvQ -a$ -vtx -og 9 G. -or©* -t//<*$ -or®*, &c» Fut. 2. 
T&sr -Scat G. -Svr(3^ -ac-ijs -£vt(S^», Sec,* 

The vocative of these participles is the same as the 
nominative. 



GENERAL VIEW OF THE MOODS AND TENSES. 





Indie. 


> Traper. 


Optat. 


Sabj. 


Infin. 


Partic. 


Pres. 




rvzfls 




TV7r]a> 


rvirleiv 




Imp. 












Fut. 1. 


TV'*}"*! 










rir]//uv 


Ind.l. 


irwj/x 




7V$/Xi/Xi 




rv^xt 


TV^Xf 


Perf. 


t'ztvQx 




T£TV(pOlfAt 




rervQitXi 




Plu. 














Ind. 2. 










V7T&) V 


Fut. % 


TV7T00 




rvzroiftt 







The first future of the fourth conjugation is varied 
like the second future rvTra- as, g-7tz£go , enri^oipt, <rzrt£z7v, 



FORMATION OF THE TENSES. 

The Present is the theme and foundation from which 
the other tenses are formed. 

The Imperfect is formed from the present, by chang- 
ing ea into ev, and prefixing the augment; as, ?vif\u, 
%7vif\tv. 

The Augment is of two kinds, syllabic and temporal; 
each of which is prefixed to the imperfect, perfect, plu- 
perfect, paulo-post-future, first indefinite and second in- 
definite tenses, in the indicative; but in the other moods, 
only to the perfect and paulo-post-future. 

The syllabi c Augment is s prefixed to a verb, when it 
begins with a consonant, which multiplies the syllables. 



* See the declension, page XT. 



31 



/ 



If a verb begins with p, this letter is doubled after g, 
in all the tenses which are augmented; as, pWr^, I cast 
away, if^wTcv, 

The temporal Augment is sj or & prefixed to a verb in 
place of its initial mutable vowel or diphthong, increas- 
ing its time. 

T|je mutable vowels and diphthongs are u, uv, 
oi; ec and s are changed into ^ 0, into a 9 and the i of the 
diphthong is subscribed; as, I hear, faxo*; ig*/.3a>, I 

adhere, Jgg/Sovj cctKi^a, I beat, yxtfyv; otKtty, I reside 3 

But eta, I breathe, I hearken, «>$g<rc-*>, I am unac- 
customed, <kyi$l£op,et! t I am troubled, do not admit the 
augment; neither do verbs derived from hiu% 9 a helm, 
civogy wine, oi&vos) a bird, and ote^os, an oxfly: sometimes 
also a few others beginning with ot. 

Some verbs beginning with g, take < after % for the 
augment; as, %xp 9 I have, «#ov; g^, I speak, assrev, and 
«5T«, which preserve the augment in all the moods. 

If a verb begins with an immutable vowel, or diph- 
thong, it has no angment: and these immutable vowels 
are >j, /, v 9 ca* g<, gy, as, faa, I come, Hkcv; kra£*) 9 I wound? 
»r#£ev, &c. 

THE AUGMENT OF COMPOUND VERBS, 

Verbs compounded have the augment in the middle, 
if they begin with a preposition, or with Sy$ and sv be- 
fore a mutable vowel; as, xxTaytvarxa, I determine^ 
xocTeytvarfeov, $v<rcigirza} t I am chagrined, Sy^^s-ge^ lve%~ 
yzria, I act well, kvvey'tTtov, Except a few, as, *(a$itZvitw 9 
I hesitate, Kp<Pt<rZviTeov 9 he. 

Other verbs have the augment in the beginning; as, 
<ptXoeo$'w, I philosophize, l$t*.6vo<Peov. Some, however, 
are augmented both at the beginning and in the middle; 
as, ciwS-oa, I rise, iv&ftoov, &c. a few sometimes in the 
beginning, and sometimes in the middle, as, ayotya, I 
open, 'ivoifyt, and «ygA>|#, &c. 



B2 



FIRST FUTURE. 

f 1 st conj. into as,T«9r?»,Ttn^ft?. 

The first future is form- j 2d into as, Ag y # s As|<y. 



ed from p ••• by J 3d into as, <*o-#. 
c L i s - last sylla- 1 4th # is circumflexed and 
bk Ln ihe . I the penultimate is shctften- 

|^ ed; as, xg/j»# ? I judge, 

Many verbs in £*i form their future and perfect, and 
the other tenses which arise from them, according to 
the form of the >econd conjugation in and as, 
i estabhb' ; > <>t>*|*> ; ish^yfty Sec. 



Bom© have |# and o-&^ as, kewa^a, I seize, Sec. 

Two have yfa^ viz. »A#£&>, I cry out, 5ta#£#,* I disturb. 

Some also in e*^. form their tenses according to the 
form of the third conjugation; as, I perform, 

•&^cx,7G)> ircirgoiKa, &c. 

Trie penultimate of the first future of the fourth con- 
jugation "*s shortened, either by rejecting the second 
consonant; as, ri^ya, 1 cut,' rtp& % or the second vowel of 
the dipthong; as, <poiiv& 9 I shine, (petva, or by shortening 
the doubtful; as, xgow, K%tv&. 

Some verbs in this tense draw back the aspirate of the 
theme; as, fytya from rgeQa, I nourish, &gg|« from t£?%#, 
I run, Svtya from ry^, I inflame, and i\& from g£j»« K»^ v 
I burn, makes Kotv^ and j^a***?, I weep, zXxv<?6>> 

THE FIRST INDEFINITE, 

Is formed from the first future, by changing a into 
and prefixing the augment; as, rv<)/a, irv^et* 

Five verbs do not take the characteristic of the first 
future in this tense; which are, &9*ajx#, s$ak* 9 Hx.ec, n7ret i 

The penultimate of the first indefinite is always long, 
whence in the fourth conjugation, a is changed into y, 
(/, if it has been dropped in the future, is here subscrib- 
ed) raid g into u- } as, <p&tw, (fetm^ i$*w, rwu£& 9 m^S, 

WITH got* 

* 2aX^f«, %ci et yhec. 



83 



THE PRETERPERFECTj 

f 1st conjugation $a into and pre- 
Is formed from j 2d %a into | fixing the 

the first future! 3d <ra into I augment; 

by changing in j 4th a into fas, c^^, 

the { but pa future takes n be- j zmotcpot. — - 

l^fore K#i* J But if a 

verb begins with a simple consonant or mutej before a 
liquid, the first consonant is repeated before s, as, rv^a 3 
7&tv$cc, y^d^a, yzygcttpcc. 

In every reduplication a tenuis is put for an aspirate; 
as, <p£#£ft>,I explain, mQ^otKct, The same happens to eve- 
ry syllable, as often as the syllable next following begins 
with an aspirate; as, fyd-fya, I shall inter, riru^oc, ztm<P6v. 

Dissyllables of the fourth conjugation change e of the 
future into «; as, xa, I shall send, gV«Ax*. But s of the 
future in pu> is retained; as, vipa, I shall assign, vm/a-Axa. 

Dissyllables in ztva, <W, vw, lose v of the future in the 
perfect; as, *§<v£, Others change v into y, as 5 

Perfect tenses in vila often lose the first vowel of the 
theme; as, Ksxa^xtt, (from x&(avu>, I weary) 

THE PLUPERFECT, 

Is formed from the perfect by changing a into s/v, and 
prefixing e, if the verb begins with a consonant; as, ri- 

THE SECOND INDEFINITE, 

Is often the same as the imperfect; as^ sygaQov. 

The penultimate of the second indefinite, when it 
consists of more than two syllables, is short in the fol- 
lowing cases: 

1. A penultimate, long by position is thus shortened. 

* Also f&tvu and (hxhw, which are more frequently contracted. 

f Except yv which only takes e But repeats ^. So x7ao^a/, 
Ttlwa-ay andjthe obsolete words vrloLOf^cci xlou, repeat th^ first con- 
sonant. A few either prefix or neglect it. 

+ But v is changed into y before kjx, in *rav<y, 



84? 



Verbs which have the penultimate long by the use of 
A, A a, ( uv, ?srl s reject the latter consonant; as, rwrla, itvk- 

Some for ar, the smooth consonant of the theme, as- 
sume, 1. the middle £, as, z0Xc&/3oy 9 h^vfiov^ from /Sxecrla, 
I injure, *gt».wr«, I conceal, &c. 2. the aspirate Q- 3 as, 
a^y, i&ettpov) from uttIu) 1 annex, fiecirra, I immerse, &c. 

Verbs in or t7#, if they form the first future 

in |«, have the second indefinite m ywj* as, t*t]*, I ap- 
point, or Tflsc-er&j, ret%a,-%TatyMi but ca; is changed into 
as, <pg#£<y, ppcura, tpgaiov, 

% When the penultimate is naturally long, it is shor- 
tened by changing jj, * ti cev, into et; as, a«'$w, I hide, 
gA*3-*y. [So also gj as, Tg?sr#, I turn, w-gawev.tj Evis 
changed into as, <pgt;y<y, 1 fly, zQvyov. x into as, 
I hear, Htcoov: a into /; as, As/sr<y, I faint, Sve* But in the 
fourth conjugation, dissyllables change $i into as, 
G-zaie&t I scatter, gW#ge*$ and trisyllables, s# into g; as, 
e<pgfA#, I owe, iiQtXoy, 

Other second indefinites of more than two syllables 
retain the consonants, and circumflex verbs even the 
vowels of the theme; as, iigco), I delight, hct^t 9 
I give a sound, 'dawcv. 

Verbs ending in a pure, for the most part, want the 
second future, second indefinite, and perfect middle. 
Also many others; as, A«y*j I cease, Sec. especially po- 
lysyllables in and as, QpvTtfy, 1 deviso, <pvAtfc-<r#, 
I detain. 

THE SECOND FUTURE. 

The second future is formed from the second indefi- 
nite, by changing ov into a> circumflexed, and casting off 
the augment; as, stvttov, -runa. 

The rest of the moods, with their tenses, are formed 
from the indicative, each tense from the tense of its 
own name. 

To the third person of verbs ending in /, or g, v is add- 
ed, if a vowel follows; and, with the poets, sometimes 
before a consonant. 

* So ztr/tvyov, E^uyov, from tr^cu^cj, ^v^u. 

f Except thsyov., z(l-te7rov>}$h.iyov, creKov, yyfikov." 



35 



The second and third persons singular, in the sub- 
junct:* e mood of every active verb, and second person 
singular oi the tenses in pott, have t written under their 
finals «. The same vowels before ^jjv, have t sub- 
scribed in the perfect optative passive, and retain it 
through all numbers and persons; as, fiiZoypqv. 



THE IRREGULAR VERB E/ffc/,* SUM, I AM, 

Indicative. 



Singular. 
Pres, etfLit, e*$ or «, set 
Imfi. v>$9 *»» Alt. 



Dual. | Plural. 

i?ov, \<?ov ;g^2j/, Ifg, iter** 
viroi, WW '^fV, hre-s vorotv. 



Imperative. 

Pres* itrfo, zv0t or 3 ivo)'U(a\ sVov, gV#v, j sVs, sVw#v. 

Optative. 

Pres, u'qv, iiqs, ity { t ^rev, s^t^, | ehptv, zi^ri^hcuv 
Put, Boroifrqv, scotoy itroiTo^ tcroiUtzvev, tcotcrdov, i<ro«r6qv 9 zeotut0x t 

Subjunctive. 

Pres, d>, jjs, h | vTov, irov | <y^sy, jjre, art. 

Infinitive. Participles. 
Pres. Hvoti* Put. znefat | Pres. m 9 isr*, ov. Put. lelptvot. 

GENERAL VIEW OF THE MOODS AND TENSES. 

Subj. 



Indicat, 
Pres. hp] 
Imp. %v 
Put, ygo&xt 
Plufi, ifiw 



Imper. 
\ lr$t or 



Optat. 



Infinit. 
itvott 



Particip. 



* e'/cci is derived from the obsolete *a\ hence through the first 
future middle in all the perso s and modes the declension is re- 
gular, as, £<ro,«.«f, etrecQai ztrofievos 

f This tense is properly the imperfect of the middle voice. 

t Greek verbs in the optative and subjunctive passive have 
rarely any perfect or pluperfect tense, hut what is supplied from 
some of the forms of upi with a participle. 



36 

Ejpt, EO, IBO, I GO, I WILL GO* 

Ind.Pres. tjpt, i\$ or «/, u<rt 9 D. faov, hov 9 P. efa* 9 iVs, <Vr ] 
Imp. uvt u$ 9 ii 9 D. hav 9 irtiv, P. i/u,ev 9 ire, ttr&v, 
Perf.Act. it*.*. Indef. ho-ot is out of use; from whence 

S<V#y, V11701V. 

Indef. 2. /©v, which runs through all the moods. 
Perf. Mid. si*, from whence w 9 hot, Indef. &c. 

Plup. fatv, Fut. ucropott. 

Imperat. Pres. iB-i or u, n& 9 D. trov 9 itcov, P. <Vs, nao-ctv. 
Infin. t'vott or waft and /W/ in comp. 

Etpt 9 1 am, is commonly called a substantive verb, and 
ufAi 9 1 go, a verb of gesture. The last of these distinc- 
tions is applied to the verbs/'l^, I send away; facet, I 
sit; tcupctt, I lie down. In the present and imperfect 
tenses of the indicative, they are thus declined. 



Singular. 

e/_ , */ t/ 

HpCtt Y t TOtl YiTOtl 

Ku-pcti -troti -tqu 



xit'fAviv -era Ao 



Present Tense. 
Dual. 

Yerov tsrev 

-/AiQov -trdov -v9ov 
Imperfect Tense. 



Plural. 

Uf4.IV YiTS 
YlfAfdet Yfifa 

-fAiQot -rfa 



tlfJtVt igTS 



Infinitive Present. 
tf h wi 9 (Indef. 2. g;y«<) Jjdta/, xs7cCut 



Y/Lii&CC Y,rOe 



Y t VTCtt 

-vlett 



iiTOtV 
Y t v\o 



^ » ^ 

. at 1 1 « 

5? +-' * 

is)'. 1 • > 



o « i 

a 2 



fc» b 



i s fc 



o 

3 
> 

J/3 
I/: 

w 

t-i 



1/3 

M 

P$ 
W 

p 
pq 



o 
s 
o 




!<§> 

a S 5» » a S » » 

fc» *• t» k» aS l» t» *» t» 



Ah £ Ph ^ 
C 

H-i 

o 



o5 1: 3 ii ©5 



2 8 

CD (jz 



P< £ £ P« P< fin ,3 <3 -Ph 



Oh 

a 



a. 
O 



O 3 



O 



E 



38 



Infinitive Pres. rv^rr »nr&ut. Perfect nrvQ -ut» 
Paulo-post future rtrvty -to&xi. 
Indef. 1. rvipQ > „ Fut. 1. rv00 ? ~ r 

Jndef. 2. rv* 5 »*' Fut. 2. T «r 5 

Participles. 

Pres. rvKrlpi- 
Perf. TSTf^g- 
Paulo-post fut. rerw^ifAi- 
Fut. 1. Tt/<p0 -qo-ofie- 
Fut. 2. Tfar -jjcv^g- 



vn, w w, vk, ya y Sec. 



Indef. 1. rvQ 
Indef. 2. tvt 



$k 9 $<rc& 9 W gvrof, etrqs, hrcg, &C. 



GENERAL VIEW OF THE MOODS AND TENSES. 



Pres. 


Indie. Imp. 


Optat. 
@iftviv 


Subj. 


Infin. 


TV7TT 










Imp erf. 


It V7TT 








Perf. 


TiTV 




if/a 








Pluperf. 


gTSTV 












Paul. p. fu. 








OiftVIV 




so-free i 


Indef. 1. 


*\?v<P 


-3-jjv 


Hit 








Fut. 1. 


TV<P 












Indef. 2. 


*tTV7T 










Went 


Fut. 2. 


7V7F 










ivie&ect 



Participle Pres. tuttt -Ipms, perf. nrv -ppmg, paulo p. 
f. rtrvtf/ -oftivog 9 indef. 1. rv(p6 ~sig 9 fut. 1. rv$ -0nFO{&wo$ 9 in- 
def. 2. TV7T -S<V, fut. 2. -qrO(AtVC$. 



FORMATION OF THE TENSES. 

The present tense is formed from the present active, 
b changing a into epxts as > m*!** Tvirlopui. 

The imperfect is formed from the imperfect active^ 
by changing ov into o^y; as, zrv7rlov 9 \?rvif\of&w* 

The second indefinite is formed from the second in- 
definite active, by changing ov into w, as, zTv7rcv 9 hww* 

* The augment of the indefinites is applied only in the indica- 
tive. 



39 

The second future is formed from the second future 
"active, by changing <a into fcoticcti as, rvna, rwrtcropxt. 

The perfect is formed from the perfect active, by- 
changing in the 

First coni 4* 5P ure int ? W** as > T *™0*> rtrvpfuu. 

J ' ^ ( impure into as, rirggPtf, rsrfgp,**. 

Second vx 5 into y as ' A * As #?> titeyp*'- 

* I after y into as, kM¥%*, ixeypxi* 

I nird into ^ ^ when the penultimate f the perfect 
active is long, and the characteristic of 
the present is a pure; as, Ag*y*#, I have 
washed, y&xupxt. 
In the fourth xx into pott} as, fyxhxx, I have sung, 

%tyxX[txi* 

Some verbs in a pure form the perfect, 

1. In Gpaiiy when the penultimate is long: as, fc&x*, I 
have heard, »jx»c-^<. So Ksxtva, I command, I beat, 
stum, I pay, e-e/#, I shake, &c. 

£. In po&t, when the penultimate is short or doubtful; 
as, Vigo**, v£op,a /. So I burn incense, Xva s I release, 
ogxa, I see, fl-f/ga^, I endeavour, Sec. 

3. In cr^<e< and f*xi- } as, k%kMix>x> I have closed, *gxAg<r- 
and xiKXiiput. 

Dissyllables of the first conjugation, which have r^g in 
the penultimate, change g into ^ as, r£g$#, I turn, gVgs<p#, 

In the second and third conjugation the penultimate 
sv frequently rejects g, as, -sriQvypxi, Kt%v{Axt* 

Verbs in xhu and wa> often form the perfect in (rpxn 
as, fuccipa>)I defile, poXvva, I pollute, pipixTfAxtfpipQXvcrpxh 



THE PERSONS OF THE PERFECT. 

The second person singular arises from the first, by 
changing the consonants which precede xt into the cha- 
racteristic of the first future active; as, r&vppxt, rirv-fyxh 
But p only is changed after the liquid of the theme; as, 
Ttrtzpech rirt^ct$. In the fourth conjugation, ^is always 
changed into ^ as, gWa^#/, sWagw, 



40 



Tlie third person singular arises from the second, by 
changing <r* into r- 7 as, Xvnu^trut, 'drwuerut. 

The second and third persons dual, and second person 
plural, are formed from the third person singular, by 
changing the smooth mutes into the rough; as, rkwrutt 
rirvQOov, rsrvQQr <r is assumed before B- 7 as, K^t-rut, o-fov. 

The third person plural is formed from the third per- 
son singular, ending in rut pure, by receiving v before 
?ur 3 as, rJiKyrati, xeH£ivrctii but if the third person singular 
ends in rut impure, the third person plural is formed 
by its participle and the third person plural of the verb 
*i|tt/; as, Tilvvrui, nTvpptvtt, tin. In like manner after v 
of a diphthong. After this rule, for the most part, the 
persons of the pluperfect are formed. 

The imperative takes its second person singular from 
the second person singular of the indicative; and the 
other persons from the second person plural: from which 
also arises the perfect infinitive : as, rerv -Qtt, -<p6ut. 

The optative and subjunctive are more frequently 
formed by the participle, and unv, Z\ pat pure of the in- 
dicative, is sometimes changed into in the optative; 
as, }&Kv(mh 9 XBXvpwos, tfav, and XeXoftw* But », t , «, take 4 
before in the optative, and in the subjunctive they 
change the short vowel into ^ as, &trxp#t } stcrxipw) 

iKT&fAUU 

The other tenses of the passive voice are formed 
from the perfect passive. 

The filufierfect is formed from the first person singu- 
lar, by changing put into and prefixing g, if it begins 
with a consonant; as, mvpput, hirvfipw. 

The flaulo-fiost future is formed from the second per- 
son singular, by placing op before */; as, rerv^xt, re- 

The Jirst indefinite is formed from the third person 
singular, by changing rut into S-w; as, tiftxcrut, Jfjcwihjir k 
and ?r before tut into their rough mutes; agvKrut, a%v%8w* 
The repeated consonant is cast off; as, nrvarut) IrvQhv. 

'Epvfofav and typariw assume, and iwdn* rejects o-, in 
the penultimate. In some it changes ?j into %\ in others 
it retains both; as, Ippn&nt and Ipp&viv. 

* In third persons from o^ai, <r is retained s t being inserted 



41 

Dissyllables of the first conjugation, which, in the per- 
fect, had changed e into here resume e; as, i?£etirrett 9 
h(i$h** and those which had rejected v, here, accord- 
ing to the poets, resume it; as, Ixa/v^v, for Ixa^jjv. 

The first future is formed from the first indefinite, by 
changing f into <™##<, and removing the augment; as, 
hvQOw, Tvcpoiropat. It is sometimes found in the sub- 
junctive.* 

MIDDLE VOICE. 



GENERAL VIEW OF THE MOODS AND TENSES. 





Indie. " 


Imp. Optat, 


Subj. 


Infill. 


Partic 


Pres. 


Til 51"/ 








6>fiXt 






Imp erf. 














ouev(&* 

ax; 


Fut. 1. 














Indef. 1. 






/ 

at 




t 

0) 


'ctO'B'Xl 


Perf. 






e 


iven 


Pluperf. 




'tlV 












Indef. 2. 


Itvtt 




£ 


6> fZCt I 




Fut. 2. 


tvst 













The tenses of the middle voice are declined like the 
forms of the active or passive voices, according to their 
terminations. 



FORMATION OF THE TENSES. 

The firesent and imfierfect are the same as in the pas- 
sive voice. 

The first future is formed from the first future active 
by changing a into op*r, as, rv^eu, ru-Upca. But in the 
fourth conjugation into Spu^ as, o-7Fi^ 9 <rrr$epp*t. 

The first indefinite is formed from the first indefinite 
active, by adding pw. as, trinket, iTvfyxpw } which is thus 
varied : 

Indie. S. gTt>4'-«/te>jv, '-«to, D. ^dpeS-w, f -x<r$6v, «.<&w» 
P. -dfitiS-eCy '-tfcS-f , '-XVT6, 

Imperat. S. rv^ -ctt 9 -d<rS-a, D, =cc<r$-Qv 9 -arB-m, P. '-ae-Ss^ 

Optat- S. TwJ/-«i i ttjjv, '-ccto, f -#iT6, D. -as/^gS-ov, '-uie-B-eVt 

**CttG'$yiV, P. -W^S-Stt, '-flft^S-f, '-CtiVTO, 

* Very rarely in the imperative; as, y&ti<r<w, U. 
E £ 



4@ 



The perfect is formed from the perfect active, by as- 
suming the characteristic of the second indefinite in 
the place of its own; as, rsrvQa, nrv7ru. 

Verbs ending in u pure, only reject k\ as, XsXvkx, Ag- 
Ay#, from tea, to unloose. 

Es of every future is changed into as, srw*, neverix: 
s in the penultimate of futures of two syllables is chang- 
ed into o- } as, <rm%a* 'sWag*: perfect tenses active in 
reject >jx; as, T$Tgjtt»x<*, Tiro/acc. The penultimate ut of the 
present active, is changed into as, <$«nw, ?rff<p>jv<a. In 
like manner * in these verbs S-aXba, I flourish, tcS^A*, 

*A*£o>, I cry OUt, XixXyiyu.* 

The pluperfect is formed from the perfect, as in the 
active voice: as, itrvit*, inrvww* 

The second indefinite is formed from the second inde- 
finite active, by changing 09 into ipw 9 as, zrvircv* trvvopw* 
The second future is formed from the second future ac- 
tive, by changing a into S/utf*; as, twS, Ti/5r* i tfae<.t 

Sing. rvirSftott, rv7fi 9 tv7TUtc6$ 9 D. rvwiffCiS-or, Tttirue'B'ov, 
ivTeltr&oy, P. rvo-tyeeSw, rvireitrSv, rvirwrcci. 

After this manner, the first future of the fourth con- 
jugation is formed and varied. 

Some verbs signify actively through all the voices; 
as, iva, I invest, fr^, I know. 

Some active verbs, in certain tenses, are used as neu- 
ter or passive verbs; as, impt, I appoint, andeW>' 
I have stood; \%u7r&>, I overturn, UgHrcv, I have fallen. On 
the contrary, some passive and neuter verbs, in certain 
tenses, are used actively; as, Metmpm, I have made, 
Zpr», I will quicken. 

Middle verbs, for the most part, are to be taken ac- 
tively, especially in the future and first indefinite. De- 
ponents are also taken actively in all tenses of the pas- 
sive voice, except the first indefinite. 

* But a is sometimes preserved, especially when the change 
would make the perfect middle the same as the first indefinite 
active; as, fyaxa. 

t s«F«, and tpccyo do not take the circumflex on the second 
future; as, ISopxt, lh<rw, !&r«f. 



43 



3 



ImvpfAcu — v §^ — rdv^tptti 
h 

I 
I 

Zlv'fyctptif, titrate — — ? iffy o pet i 
A Greek tMu Tree. 



Let the pupil write other verbs in the same way. For 
example, let him display ti^na, tet&a, y^ipa, in the first 
conjugation; ^Ag*a;, hsyot, o%v<r<ra 9 in the second; 

«*t/?#, (ratvhay iruOu, (p^a^a, t/#, in the third; and •b&xhu, 
npay (paw*, <r7ru£<»* ripW) in the fourth. Such exercises 
insure a competent acquaintance with a Greek verb. 



OF THE DEPONENT VERB, 

The Deponent Verb, or that which want9 the active 
voice, forms certain tenses after the manner of the pas« 
sive voice; others, after the manner of the middle. For 
example, 



44 

Indie. Pres. I receive, Imperf. ifewpw, Fut. 1. 

of the middle form, h&ctxt, Indef. 1. Perfect, of 
the passive form, hleypai, Pluperfect, ISeSgy^v, Paulo- 
post fut. foh%op*t, Indef. 1. g§g#0>jv, Fut. 1. h%&vi<ropete. 

Some have a second indefinite of a middle form; as, 

Verbs, according to their voices, are thus conjugated: 
Act. frvTrla Fut. 1. rv-^ca Perf. titvQx. 

Pass, J rv7FTofjt,ctt Perf. nrvtc/^ect Ind. 2. Itvttw* 

Mid.^ } TVVTOfAOlt Fut. 1. TV%6]U,Ctt Perf. TcTVWtf. 

Dep. (^Jg^d^fcg Fut. 1. h%op,cu Perf. SgSV^tcaf. 
CONTRACTED VERBS. 

Verbs of the third conjugation of barytons, in -c& 9 -e#, 
-oa, suffer contraction in the present and imperf. tenses; 
in the others they do not vary from the common forms. 

CHARACTERISTICS. 

PRESENT. FUTURE. PERFECT. 

-ctco tiuia* I honour, } , vtuvro > rdiuvuex. 

/ t i > we* . / ?• met ^ 

~t&> (piteea, 1 love, 3 <p<Ajj(76>3 -sreQtXvxa* 

-lo %£V0-ow, I gild, ao-a xgve-ae-w, a%cc 7ci%%vvax,(t, 

MANNER OF CONTRACTING: 
IN THE FIRST CONJUGATION. 

If o or o» follow *, the contraction is &>. v 
If any other vowel or diphthong follows ec, the con- 
traction is as. 

IN THE SECOND CONJUGATION. 

Es is contracted into a; so into 

If a long vowel, or diphthong, follows s, the contrac- 
tion is made by dropping e. But dissyllables of the se- 
cond conjugation admit only the contraction in u: other 
terminations are not contracted; as, crAg#, I sail, srAgg/j, 
7rte7$i also certain compounds. 

IN THE THIRD CONJUGATION. 

If o) or jj follow o, the contraction is a. If g, o 9 or * fol- 
low o, the contraction is If any other vowel or diph- 
thong follow the contraction is or, as, #gt>o- -ojj, -or. ex- 
cept in the infinitive cu is contracted into as, ^gvw'g/y. 




45 



FORMATION OF THE TENSES. 

Through all ;he voices the formation is the same as 
the formation of baryton verbs; but the first future re- 
quires a long vowel before <ru. Except that, 

In the first conjugation, verbs which have i or /, also 
trisyllables which have A or § pure, before and dis- 
syllables that have A or g before although a conso- 
nant precedes, form the future in oura, and perfect in 
as, Ida, I permit l*V# 5 siotx.cn,, ygA**>, I laugh, -etra, -ux<* } 
%X#a 9 I dash, -ctray -ax,** To this class add, I vin- 

dicate, hQcca, I seek, Sec. Also, those futures which 
verbs in -etvwa, or eicrxa make; as, irerew, I open, 7nrotnva^ 
I unfold, I act, %\*eK& 9 I fly, Sec. 

Some have and -jjow, especially among the poets. 

Sometimes x, is rejected from the perfect, and the pe- 
nultimate is shortened; as, yiyn**, yiyctob. The same 
happens in verbs in fct; as, eVu*#, sV#*j from whence the 
participles most in use are, y*yx»f> born, ytydtSfaas, has. 

The perfect of the first conjugation, x, being omitted, 
forms a contracted participle, which is thus varied: 

N. yey -#0$, -m* -otvtct, -Sura, -ctb$ 9 G. -air®*, -£t@Hj 
mvU$, -a>c-j}$, -«o't@H, -a?®*) &c. 

In the second conjugation, some verbs form the fu- 
ture in -go-*;, and perfect in -ix.ee; as, tsAs#, I perfect, «&c. 
likewise those futures which verbs in -mva or -&o-«# 
make. Some have -e<?# and -sx#, j*V# and especially 
among the poets; as, x.o%w $ I cleanse, and «<*As#, I callj 
x#xv<r6t)K.extox.&' Dissyllables in w form the future in 
-iv<?a, and perfect in as, Sta, I pour, tsrAga, I sail> 

except I bind, <W<y. 

In the first conjugation, primitive verbs in &&, unless 
they become verbs in a fit, or arise from a noun, form 
the future and perfect by the penultimate o; as, *go*, I 
plough, of*i», I unite, Sec. 

The second indefinite is formed from the imperfect^ 
by rejecting the vowel before cv; as, irtpxev, fotpw, tytXw 9 

The second future is formed like the second future of 
the barytons. Each of these is found only among verbs 
which are contracted in &» impure, particularly* thos§ 
of the second conjugation. 

* And those from themes rarely used, 



46 



i? '»<» I ; 

3* 3JL 




2 



! ? '* N ? * ¥ 

****** 



1 




<? *? ? ? f 

4.*f ? r ? 
'ft???-? 

Ill f * | 



^ CO t- 



o5 CO 



?-**i*+*H*i 



-T 



? r f 



~ d cf3 



•duij 




0m 

I'l'I 



****** **** 

filial UIIH? 

• — , — " — » — 



47 

GENERAL VIEW OF THE MOODS AND TENSES. 



Indie. 
rift' da) a 
Irttc-otoy cjv 
Tip- foot 
Irt^fact 

rtTlbt'VlKOt 
ItiTlUt-fauV 

Partic. Pres. r/^-«&»y m< 
facts, Perf. riTtfA'was. 



Pres. 
Imp erf. 
Fut. 1. 
Ind. 1. 
Perf. 
Pluperf. 
Ind. 2. 
Fut. 2. 



Imp. 
'ctl * 



&ClUi Mill 

faaui 
faotllti 

faoiftt 



Subj ; 



are* 

fadf 



apt 

Fut. 1. rip,-fam. Ind 
Ind. 2. Tip'M. Fut. 2. 



liifi. 
duv uv 

fauv 
facts 

uv 
uv 

, 1. TtfA- 
TtfJt-60V. 



Pres. 
Imp erf. 
Fut. 1. 
Ind. 1. 
Perf. 
Pluperf. 
Ind. 2. 
Fut. 2. 



Indie. 

(QiX-faw 
i$iX-faa 

ITiQlX-VXCt 

IwiQih-fauv 
t(ptX-ov 



Imp. 
'ts it 



ycrov 
vptg 



Optat. 

faoiUi 
faottfAt 

fact&ti 
f ctttt 

01 {At 



Subj. Infi. 



fa a 



factt 

uv 

lit 



[Partic. Pres. Qix-wvui. Fut. 1. <piA-fa&v. Ind.l. QiX- fasts, 
J Perf. TrtQiX-wa) $. Ind. 2. <pi\-m. Fut. 2. QiX~av. 



Pres. 
Imp erf. 
Fut. 1. 
Ind. 1. 
Perf. 
Pluperf. 



Indlc. 

^VT'OOO-CJ 

l%%v<T'C0<rci 
xe%gve"6)Ket 



Imp. 



aero* 



Optat. 

OOtfAt 61 it i 
acrottit 

UTOttftl 
COKQlftt 



cotra 



Infi. 



aa-cti 

CtfKZVCtl 



Partic. Pres. ^gvcr-^v, av. Fut. 1. #§t/<r-#F#s>. Ind, 1. 
%g«o-ftT(TflC5. Perf. Ks%£vo"&ft&$. 



48 



a 

o 

5 

> 

"a 
> 

< 



tVjf QLK 
*S <30 230 2jo ?30 

vS-S -1 ~§ 

** ? - 230 l« i36 

v * v s 

*3 230 <30 *3 2» 2» 
^» ~° ~2 ~S ~o ^2 

Of *M C Q w © 



Q 

o 

< 

O 

o 
a 

EC 



» 2« 230 
V 8 ^ v o 

*3 'S 233 *S <3 *3o 

^ 230 <30 <3 2J0 230 



>~ V W N«. 
$ «* « 

30.0 

J * l s iai 

;s 



© 2 *"£ b b b 

8 S -2 ^ s? 

^ ^ S S S 

5- c * <h <h 

I s 1 I |& 



? S i» 
28 ? s <» 



- <h s> ch 

» 5 2 & b b 

* - . 
^* « o «S tt J? 



2*<S 
*S <3 *a 







<8 



8 



b 



b 



01, 

.~ v « ^ 
28 *» «30 ?8 «D0 



2^ <»■ 28 
«2* 



<s iao 23o r a- © o ^ b ^ is.**. 




28 ^3 *a 



2S- 



5_ 



2» 28 

J? &i 
<V b 



•I 

C3 



>S J>» 



§ 2 1 J-Jrl hi 

iff » t|§ 

? ^ b N S j ? Q. >i S * b » 
GO CO !^ 0$ GO CO ^ 0^ 



- lb 



O Ph 



CD Pu 



cu 



i-h Qh 



40 



GENERAL VIEW OF THE MOODS AND TENSES. 



Pres. 
I nip erf. 
Perf. 
Plup. 
Pau. p. fut 
Indef. 1. 
Fut. 1. 
Indef. 2. 
Fut. 2. 



Indie. 
TtLtCtO a pon 
ZTiu-ao co pw 
TiTtp-qpai 
Irsrtp-Hp^y 
TeTtp-4<ropcii 
Irtp-iBviV 

hip-qv 

Tlp-faop.Kl 



Imp. 
ecu &} 



Optat. 
sf.Qi a> pqv 


, Sl 2 bj * 

<x,a a pal 


Infin. 


ypyv 


Odp&i 




yCOipiV 

q$il<rctpw 








CO 











Partic. Pres. Tip-xo, a -p,iv&>. Perf. nnp-vipiy^. Pau. p 

fut. TtTip-v<ropiv&>. Ind. 1. tip-Y^US* Flit. 1. Tip-yS'qtro- 
pw(&>. Ind. 2. rtp-et^ Fut. 2. Tip-'Aropiv®-. 



Pres. 
Imperf. 
Perf. 
Plup. 
Pau. p. fut 
Indef. 1. 
Fut, 1. 
Indef. % 
Fut. 2. 



Indie. 
(p/A-go Q pat 
tyiX-so Q pw 
7ri<piX'qpai 
hrityiX-vpw 

ztyiX-ieopat 
tyiX-ifav 
<PiX-M<r 6 pai 

tptX-iiwpxt 



fl?otpqv 
H$$t v}$uv)v vQa 
flfaccipyv 

tiroipw 

Partic. Pres. <piX-zo S -pzv(§^. Perf. 7re(piX-npit(&> 
fut. 7rz$>iX-tio-cusv<&>. Ind. 1. tyiX-yfak. Fut. 1. 
^f#. Ind. 2. <PiX-uz. Fut. 2. (PiX-ycropet®* 



Imp. 



Optat. Subj. 
I6t ci uqviia u pat 



upai 



Infxn. 

22 (t 7$-Xi 

yrsrS-ai 
v6i<n<rQai 

ijVCCi 

h<rt<&ai 
Pau; p 

(piX YiS-V}- 



Pres. 
Imperf. 
Perf. 
Plup. 
Pau. p. fut. 



Indie. 



Imp, 



%£V(T-Q{> H pat 

i%(>VGr-o6 Q pv\v 

iJCift^VrapW 

M%£vcr-aropat 
Indef. 1. \e%£vcr-d6nv aQiflt afaitjy aba 

Fut. 1. \^VT-Cd$ia , 6fAttl 

Partic. Pres. x>i V(r * -pw<&*» Perf. %£%£v<r Pau.' 
p. fut. Ki%e > vr-6}<ropev(&>. Ind. 1. x^vT-ahis. Fut. 1. 
%%vcr~6}9n<ropi*(&>. 



Optat. 
cat e>7 pqv 

np%9 

ardpyv 

»H<rolpw 



ia a pxt 
apai 



Infin. 
is Q cr&xi 



ufcvai 



F 



30 



A GENERAL VIEW OF THE MOODS AND TENSES OF 
THE MIDDLE VOICE. 

The Present and Imperfect are the same as in the 
Passive Voice. 



Fut. 1. 
Ind. 1. 
Perf. 



y<rcti 



Indie. 

Irifc-vio-ccuw 
I i. cm. izrip-ot 
Pluperf. Inrip-uv 
Ind. 2. lrip-opy t y 

Fut. 2. TtfX, HpOCS 

Partic. Fut. 1. rip-wlpevcs. 
rirtp-a$* Ind. 2. Tip-6ptvo$, 



Imp. Optat. 

TiTOip'^V 

oipt 



61 PW 
0tpY)V 

Ind. 1. 
Fut. 2, 



Subj. 



| a pet i 



Infin. 
t<rso&ot.i 

iv at i 



Z<rS-ott 

Ttp-itpSVOt. 



2, 



Fut. 1 
Ind. 1 

;Perf. 
jPIuperf. 
jlnd. 2. 
[Fut. 2. 



Indie. 
(piX-qo-opxi 
i$tX-qrdpw 
niptX-cc 

We^tX-BiV 

l<ptX~opw 
(ptX-Qpxi 



Imp. Optat. 
nw/priv 



dpi 

ClpYfl 
OipW 



Subj. 


Infin. 






YltrVftOLl 
/ 


4<rx<r$~<zt 




'capon 






zio-B"xi 



Partic. Fut. 1. Qix-yTopivg. Ind. 1. (p<A-Jicr^gvo?. Perf, 

7ri$tX-&s. Ind. 2. <PiX-ipevos. Fut. 2. qtiX-ypBvof. 



Indie. Imp. Optat. Subj. Infin. 

U (FlK. 1. f%£vo-drop*t j [artlpqv I \ao-e<r3'c6i 
j "(Ind. 1. \Z%£v<r cacrxpnv Yafpat\arxipw \a<r6)potiw<rct(r§'cti 
^Partic. Fut. 1. xgw-afropwog. Ind. 1. %%Vir-6)<rctpevos. 

A few of the first and second form, contracted into a 
impure, have the perfect middle; but among the ora- 
tors it is rarely used. But verbs of the third conjuga- 
tion want the perfect middle, the second indefinite ac- 
tive, and the tenses which are formed from them. 



VERBS IN mi. 



Certain, obsolete verbs ending in ia 9 produce 

verbs in ph 



51 



I. By changing, 



In the last syllable a into 
In the penult, u or g into jj, o into &„ 
2. By reduplication. The reduplication is either pro- 
per, when the first consonant of the theme is repeated 
with t ; as, $o», Wetpt : or improper, that is, 
with i only pre- *) . n 

fixed, when a I f ' ° r two m " f K es; aS ' tf V> * W ' 
verb begins with J " r7 "^ or wlth a vowel; as ' ^ '"f 

A letter is sometimes inserted after the reduplication; 
as, irifA*b.vpi 9 iriftirkufAi, 

Some of these verbs are also without a reduplication; 
as, (pvipti, 8cc. 

The present, imperfect, and second indefinite of the 
verbs in have a peculiar inflection: in the other 
tenses they are declined like other verbs in <a pure. In 
some, however, the middle letters are irregularly varied: 
for no verb in is regular in all its parts 

Icon, is a from cc 

2 v from s 

3 a from 



The cha- f 1 con. is » from cc "J ^ e f ore ") fr.^««,I stai 
racteris- «< 2 «j from s > t > t/0»j^; fr.0s&»,I pla 

tic of the (_3 at from « J 'J fr.S«o»,I gi 



stand 
ace 
give 



FORM OF THE ACTIVE VOICE. 



INDICATIVE. 



Imp, 



Ind 



It/ 

2. riO-v/at 

3. $ih~tv(ti 
1. 



-as -off i 



r i. ^-n* 

[ S. »fl-< 

2. £^->Jir -jj^ ->} 

3. -A' J -4» 



-g < Toy -»TdV 

L -0 

-£ 'S TOK-E V-Ty, 
-0 (. -«J 



"J 

3 



IMPERATIVE. 



{1. Yr-xQi 
3. itS-oOi -I J 



-TOy 1 -Tg -?&(?C6t 



Ind. 2. 1. <r-S0* -kt&, &c. 2. -gr<y, Sec. 3. ?t-«s -ota>. 



# But fayu deurt. f The regular form is a 0/. 



52 



OPTATIVE. 



tout 

-T8 8c iTs* 



{1. If-toi Jjv"l 1 1-^1 

Ind. 1. s-cuw ~utv)$, 2. £-£/>jy 3. «/>j$, Sec. 

SUBJUNCTIVE, 

3. 3<S-a> J 
Ind. 2. 1. f- Sec. 2. &c. 3. 2-*> -f <r, &c* 



INFINITIVE. 



Pres. 1. W-umi, 2. rtG-ivcc^ 3. 3<2-cy#K 
Ind. 2. f-Sj'flc/, *0g?V#*, *Say<ac<. 



{1. t7'*S 
2. T/0-g/S 
3. 



PARTICIPLES. 



-a <r * -otV G. -tovl&> 9 -a*"*}?, Ind. 2. $"55 » 

Pres.^ 2. r/0-g/s -<7s-« -gV G.g7](^» -g/<rjj$ -g7J©- # So Ind.2.0«7$. 

-fl'v G. -lv](&> 'Srqs -o7?<§k So Ind.2.3*V» 



FORMATION OF THE TENSES. 

The Imperfect is formed from the present by chang- 
ing (At into y and prefixing the augment, if the verb be- 
gins with a single consonant; as, riOvpj> Itihu but, fe>j^/j 
makes fe>jy. 

The persons of the imperfect are rarely used; but feu 
and irrtv are read in the third person singular. 

The singular number and third person plural are 
sometimes formed, as if from the contracted verbs Wota, 
TiQ'wy §;3<j.y. 1. iV -m -tog j -m. 2. ir($ ~av *ug -ei | -xv* 3* 
s§<3 -hv -» I -xv. So also, in the second person singu- 
lar of the imperative; as, feet, rtfei, ?<S«. 

The Second Indefinite is formed from the imperfect 
by rejecting the reduplication; as, In&nt, sifay, /V, h' h the 
improper reduplication, before a consonant, is changed 
into v, as, fejjv, gVajv. If a verb has no reduplication, the 
imperfect and second indefinite are alike; as, (pn^tj fyw, 

* Irregular. 



53 



The penultimate of the second indefinite ia long in 
the dual and plural, except these three, sW, e5a»> and 
from Ynpt, I send. 

In the second conjugation the second indefinite of the 
imperative ends in l s ; as, B-lg. The other conjugations 
form their indefinite after the manner of the second in- 
definitive passive of the barytons^ as, eVufj sviQr, 'iyvav, 
yvcofa: only makes Jo$. Their infinitives are formed 
in the same manner; as, rJjw**, yvavoct. 

The other tenses are formed regularly from the 
theme of the barytons; as, <sfow, sVij**. 

The poets retain the reduplication; as, h^dr^. 

"emkcc and do not retain the signification of the 
present. 

GENERAL VIEW OF THE MOODS AND TENSES. 





Indie. 


Imp. 


Optat. 


Subj. 

60 


Infin. 


Part. 




Pres. 




ctfo 




civott 


as 




Imper. 


r/ 

*5 -sjv 














Fut. 1. 






fooipt 




it CUV 


foooy 


1 . 


Ind. 1. 






foot.' pi 


fou 


fooci 


foots 




Perf. 








foot 








Plup. 






« 










Ind. 2. 








CO 








Pres. 




6Tt 




CO 


iVOtl 






Imper. 
















Fut. 1. 






footf&l 


*foa 


foil v 


focov 


2. 


Ind. 1. 
















Perf. 




UKS 




tlx. a 




uxcog 




Plup. 
















Ind. 2. 




85 


u'n* 


CO 


it Vet I 


US 




Pres. 




o$i 


or/iv 


a> 


oyctt 


*S 




Imper. 
















Fut. 1. 








* toco 


GJFitV 




5. 


Ind. 1. 














Perf. 






axoipt 


COX 6) 


ox-ivui 


COKCtiG. 




Plup. 
















Ind. 2. 








CO 




»5 



* These futures are read in the subjunctive. 
J According" to the Bceotic dialectic* is a regular fqjrth- 
F 2 



54 



? * p 

* I I 8 • • 
3 J 8 > 



£ « 5 
» *• * 

? a ?J *5 



2 5 



s « 8 
8*1 



b b 



8 S 



♦» o * S « 



t3C *3 



^ ^ ^ 

vu u> 

S. 5t £ 

"3 "3 N S 



<X «u O Q vu> ~« CS v ~Q <J u* « 



O 

3 
> 

> 

in 

< 



o res 



S - ^_ 



*3 *3 e$ 

I 



x> 3o 5i so & 



i. v> y l. 

° * 

6 



5 g S 



d 

b 



a- u u u 
O O O O 



b b 



■S * S 5 I 




55 



GENERAL VIEW OF THE MOODS AND TENSES. 





Indie. Imper. 


Optat, 


Subj. Infin. 


Partic. 


Pres. 




ottro 










Imperf. 














Perf. 












Pluperf. 














Pau.p. f. 












Indef. 1. 


ocQr,Tt 








e&Qug 


Fut. 1. 














Pres. 


TlG-tfACti 


icro 




OfftClt 






Imperf. 














Perf. 




iHro 


a pet i 




Pluperf. 














Pau. p. f. 








Indef. 1. 










e Bluett 




Fut. 1. 














* Regular -e/uxi 4fiw -zvofiicci. 




Pres. 




oco 










Imperf. 












0{4,*V<&> 


Perf. 




OffO 






bo-Boci 


Pluperf. 












Pau.p.f. 












TOftl* (&» 


Indef. 1. 












oBzt'g 


^Fut. I. 













FORMATION OF THE TENSES. 

The present is formed from the present active, by 
changing pi into pcch and the long penultimate into its 
short vowel; as, tmpi, 4*upou' T<55p/j Sec. Except 

ctr^ott and a few others. 

The rest of the tenses are formed after the manner 
of the barytons. The perfect has the penultimate short 
except TE0s;f««<, Bceot. which however is shortened in 
the first indefinite, gr^y. 

* Verbs in for the most part, want the second future, active 
perfect, middle, and second indefinite passive. 



06 



MIDDLE VOICE. 

Indie f ^'^pw met,TOi or as ' 
Ind 2.1 ^' or &c - as » y&pW' 

* £ 3. IJ-o'^j;? -©(Td or &c. as, iithlfwu 
Imperat. Ind. 2. 1. <r-«<r©, as, <V#co. 2. or3S,as,?#s<r<5. 

S. S-oVo or 22, as, S^oo-o. 
Optat. Ind. 2. 1. r-W^v, as, Uaipw. 2. S-'tlpw,* as, .tiSW- 

^ijv. 3. i-otftW) as, S<S-o/^«»v. 
So in the Subjunct. Ind. 2. 1. 2. 3. 3&>- 

See. 

GENERAL VIEW OF TH£ MOODS AND TENSES. 



The Present and Imperfect are the same as in the 
Passive Voice. 



fFut. 1. 
\l< Ind. 1. 
1 Ind. 2. 


Indie. Imp. 

If'CtfAW \ec(T6 


Optat. 


Subj* Infin. 


Parti c. 


fFut. 1. 
2^ Ind. 1. 
[ind. 2. 


^rtKxpYiv not used i 
iQ-'zpvv ' | zero \itpyiv 


urther. * Reg. urdfwv. 

\iu-B-Ul 


! fFut. 1. 
S< Ind. 1. 
1 Ind. 2. 


\2^6)Kupw not used further, t Reg. aW^jjv 



The second indefinite is formed from the imperfect, 
as in the active voice; as, tTttipnv, Itfs^y. It is rarely 
found in the first conjugation. 



THE DEPONENT VERB. 

The, Deponent Verb is conjugated through the 
moods, in the present tense, to whatever conjugation it 
may belong, either of the contracts o^r verbs in ac- 
cording to the form of its own conjugation. Through 
the other tenses after the manner of the barytons; but 
a deponent of the first conjugation in pi, makes the op- 
tative, irgietipwi not /T^tut^v 7rgicc7c* In the sub- 

junctive, as, ir£Wp*i) not Trgiaput. 

* And %oif/.r,v -o/% &c. 



57 



TRREGULAR VERBS * 

(1) VARIABLE. 

Verbs which depart from the common form, and have" 
a form peculiar to themselves, are verbs in vpi and in <r*#» 

VERBS IN vpt.\ 

Verbs in vpi arise from verbs, for the most part obso- 
lete, in va, by changing the a into pi\ as, Ipvywpt, I join. 
The characteristic is v before pt. 

ACTIVE VOICE. 

Indicative Mood. 
Pres. ^evyv-vptt v$, vch I vtov, vrov, I vpM % vrs^ vrt. 

Imp. ifyvyv-VV, V<, V 9 VTOV) VTqV, j VffiiV) tm, vrxv* 

Imperative. 

Pres. ^ivyvvOt, vro g J vlov, vrai, | t/Tg, vrar*i. 
Infinitive. 

Pres. fyvyv-wai. Part, fyvyv-vs, vo-ce, vt G. vfl(&>, vcr^ t 
wr®*, &c. See page 18. 

PASSIVE VOICE. 

ImAtyvyvvpTiV) v<ro, vro \vp,t6ov } vcr^or, vr6tV)\vpi$c6) v<r6i) vvlo* 
Imperative. 

Pres. Zpvy v-yc-o, vcr$-*r> j v<rB-ov, ve-S-ay, \ vtrfe, v<rQu<r*v« 
Infinitive. 

Pres. fyvyv-v<r3-*h Part. Pr. £e£y v-t/^gv®* -jj -«jr.|. 

* These verbs are an invention of grammarians, rather than 
founded in the nature of language. 

f They do not prefix the reduplication and want the second 
indefinite active, except dissyllables, the optative mood, the sub«* 
junctive, and middle voice. They have a peculiar inflection in 
the present and imperfect: in the rest of the tenses they are 
formed regularly from the primitive verb. 

t v in the singular is long; in the others, unless it is circum- 
flexed, it is short. 



68 



GENERAL VIEW OF THE MOODS AND TENSED 



Act. 
Pass. 



CPrcs 
< Imp, 
C Pres. 
I Imp. 



Indie. 

zfyvyv-vv 

fyvyv-vpxi 

ifyvyv-Vftw 



Imp. 
v&t 



Infin. 
vvxt 

vrdxi 



Partic. 



The formation of the above Tenses appears from the 
General View. 

Other tenses are assumed from a more distant theme s 
rarely used, which is discovered by changing pt into 
as, $vpi, I pass under, 2tw, and rejecting, as often as they 
occur, w or wv; as, ^tvywpi^ I join, ^evya, x.Z(>xvvvft,i, I 
mingle, xi^xa, xo^mvpij 1 satiate, xogg#, tyvwpi, I engird, 
Zatf from whence the futures £ev|«, xiytcro, xogo-a, t^xreo,* 

VERBS IN <r*6t. 

Have a particular analogy to the verbs in pi, in num- 
ber, origin, and formation. There are four kinds of them, 
according to the different kinds of themes from which 
they are derived; namely, from the three conjugations 
of circumflex verbs, and from verbs in v&- 7 o-x being plac- 
ed before # in the present and imperfect; as, yf^xrxta, I 
grow old, from yyi£x*>, agsa-jca, I appease, from ci^w, filma, 
I feed, from peQvrxa, I inebriate, from psQva. But in 
the other tenses they are commonly varied in the same 
manner as the verbs from which they are derived. 

Many verbs take the reduplication; as, 2<§g#V*#, I fly, 
from \olo3. The penultimates x and £ are frequently 
changed into jjj as, fawna, I die, from $vxa> } and x\hq<rxu> 
I increase, from i^xiw* c likewise into as, £g^a-*0, I 
eat, from fyla* In some cases t is taken for s, rarely for 
o; as, Ivpcrxa, I find, from ivgsor. (So ahiTxa, I detect, from 

THE TENSES OF VERBS IN vxa. 

The tenses of Verbs in conjugated as the primi- 
tives from which they are derived, form the future in era, 
and the perfect in xx-, yv^xo-xay I grow old, y^xa-^y yiyn- 
£xkxz rejecting the reduplication; as, yr/vao-xa, yvao-a. 
But 3<§«e<r«#, I. teach, makes libx%o}. 

* x is also changed into at, fuKvvpi from Su^o, fut. 1. <Ts*g«: 



50 



The second indefinite of a verb derived from to, when 
it occurs, is formed in the manner of the third conjuga- 
tion of verbs in ^; ahitncv, I detect, i*ov. In the other 
tenses they follow the analogy of their own theme. 

(2) REDUNDANT. 

1. In the present. Verbs of the same origin and dif- 
ferent terminations, are almost innumerable, whether 
barytons, circumflex, or verbs in ^ij as x^xvyxfy, I howl, 
and K^avyoiw) I howl, Kevrda, I urge, -oV xm#, I 
urge, x vt;^/, &c. 

The poets form other terminations, especially from 
contract verbs, as, dido^ett. from ad'topou, I revere. 

2. In the future. Barytons are redundant by adding 
the form of circumflex verbs; as, y^otQa, y^^a, andyg#» 
q>ira. And on the contrary; as, 2oxs#, 2©|a;, and Sox^V^, &c* 

(3) DEFECTIVE. 

All verbs are defective, which have an irregular cha- 
racteristic; and are, 

1. Purely Defective, which though defective, are yet 
confined to their own tenses; or 

2* Anomalous, which supply their tenses by borrow- 
» ing from other verbs. 

Defective verbs have, for the most part, but two 
tenses, and rarely occur beyond the imperfect. These 
are such as end in fa 9 vi» t dba, '&a t vS-a, <r£#, &c. also 
many verbs derived from perfect tenses; as, KtKXiya^ I 
cry out, from KticXvysci with a great variety of other par- 
ticular verbs; as, eV^&», I eat, tvopui, I follow, &c. 

There are other verbs of more tenses. Those, for ex- 
ample, in utvo want the future, and are frequently used 
in the first indefinite; as, h*i'w 9 I moisten, IS/jjW, &c. 
Those in pure rarely form the perfect active; as, adv, 
I satiate, I delight, 8cc. 

Defective verbs are seldom formed regularly after 
the imperfect. They either borrow their tenses from 
some one verb; as, pxvB-dta, I learn, from poL&*u\ or from 
several, as, <pz%&, I bear, &c. but always from verbs 
whose theme is not in use. And it is to be remarked. 



60 



that the second indefinite is more frequently used than 
the other tenses. 

In the formation of defective verbs, the three princi- 
pal tenses of each voice may be given, if in use: if not, 
they may be supplied by those, which, though not prin- 
cipal, are of similar signification; and these may be 
either of the same, or another voice; as, I see, 
e$6pXi>iaJ£aKx' I deprive, ?rgg<rA>, tTruftov. 

OF THE IMPERSONAL VERBS.* 

The Impersonal Verb is either (1) purely impersonal, 
whose theme is seldom, or not at all used personally, 
as, it becomes, &x. or (2) formed from a personal 
verb. Of this kind are all those of the third person used 
without a nominative; as, Asycra/, &c. 

In the formation of impersonal verbs, the three prin- 
cipal tenses are to be given, if they be not wanting; as, 
srvp£oi(v€t, it came out, tvpfiirBrett) <rvpS&9]Ke* If any of 
them be wanting, it may be supplied as in defective 
verbs. 

VERBALS. 

Verbals are formed from the tenses of the indicative, 
(often from those not in use) by rejecting the augment, 
and changing the termination after the characteristic: 
and this formation may be from the first, second or 
third person singular of the perfect passive, but from 
the first only of the other tenses. Verbals derived from 
any tense are known by the characteristic of that tense; 
or which is the same, from the vowels peculiar to it. 

Such as are derived from the present tense, retain as 
well its vowels as consonants before the termination; as, 
xXtirrvs, 2l thief, $wu[ai$) power, from »As;>rT6>, I steal, 3vw 
pxi, I am able. A few are formed from the first indefinite, 

* Most impersonal verbs are defective in their tenses. The 
most usual impersonals active are avwu, and *g oa-n^ti, it is fit; Set, 
it behoveth; <W/, it seemeth; fJxa, it concerns; irg'vru, it be- 
cometh; ^ «, behoveth. There are also impersonals passive, 
hhxslxh it may be; J^a^a/, it is decreed by the fates. All verbs 
that signify passively may be used in their third persons imper- 
sonally. Neuters are sometimes impersonals; as, fi\u, it is wont; 
<palve1ai 9 it appears; Im1gt7rs1ai 9 it is permitted; ycyfuTrloci, it is writ- 
ten; so are the neuter participles of impersonals; as, trehfavjiot f it 
occurred to me. 



81 



as, inMy a chest, from I have placed: many from 

the second indefinite; as, t#'$^, a tomb, from truQov, I 
buried: <fivy*i, flight, from fyvyov, I fled ; and innumer- 
able others from the perfect middle, as, to^svs, a cut- 
ting instrument, from tst^*. I cut. 

Those which are derived from the perfect active have 
*, or <p before their termination, that is, their charac- 
teristic, as, $g/icu, a storm, 3/3«£«, doctrine, *gv<p*(^, a se- 
cret, from 7ri<p£ttccC) I have terrified, hhix%#, I have 
taught, KiK^vQa, I have concealed: x very often for ^ as, 
tyvX*K>i, a prison, from ^((pv^ot^cc, I have kept. 

When derived from the first person of the perfect 
passive, they have ^ before their terminations; as,-^**- 
*4os, a psalm, yga^wi, a letter, from ^«A«<e;, I have been 
sung, y'ty^xpfAxt, I have been described. Those from the 
second have <r, either expressed or comprehended in | 
or i^; as, $r«V^, poetry, from %%7tti%<rett» thou hast been 
made, do%x, a sentiment, from ds$o%xt, thou hast been 
thought, ts£v<s, pleasure, from TtTe^xt, thou hast been 
gratified. Those from the third have t, a few^ Sot>j£, a 
giver, from §s^Tce<, he hath been given, fidQ^ov, a grada- 
tion, from fi&otrect, he hath been raised. 

IRREGULAR VERBALS. 

A few are formed from the oblique persons of other 
tenses, and not from the perfect and passive; as, virog, a 
shower, from £st#*, it rains, £p&>*, skilful, from <2^sv, we 
know. 

Some retain the augment; as, sT^a, a garment, from 
u t ucti, I am clothed: others, the dialect; as, savour- 
ed, from o$u!ix* I have smelt: from some, certain mid- 
dle letters are dropped; as, ?r/Vi$, faith, from *-sa-g<?«<, he 
hath been persuaded: in others, inserted; as, x|#yy>j, a 
clamour, from j&sfc£«y#, he hath shouted: and in others, 
they are changed; as, uyayii, education, from vyxyov, I 
instructed. 

From the primitive verbals arise others: 1. Substan- 
tives from substantives; that is, from masculine verbals 
in tjk and ty^ arise the feminine in t*$, Tg«$, and rtt^- } as, 
lyger/s, an invcntress,from Iv^rfe, an inventor, eg^rg/s, a 



* o<W« with the Attics for Mai, 
G 



Q2 

dancing-woman, from «£#u$-Js, a dancing-man, 2otu%*, a 
datrix, from ioiii^ a donor, 8c c. Also innumerable sub- 
tantives from adjectives; as., Tggn-vaTjjs, jocularity, rig*-^, 
jocular. Finally, adjectives from substantives; as x^irt- 
xog, critical, from *^t»'?, a judge, and many others of 
the same kind. 

PARTICIPIALS.* 

Participials are formed, 1. without any change; as, 
#g#<yv, a ruler, ruling. 

£. By changing either accent, inflection, termination, 
or the middle letters; ul'O&V) burning uXxXxepmU, 
able to assist, aXxXKo^ev^ having routed, &c. 



* In giving* the precise sense of Greek participles, in English; 
circumlocution is unavoidable. The following are the participles 
of tut7o>; their explanation will apply to any of the rest. 

Active. 

Pres. rvxlov, in the act of smiting. 
Past. nrvTrfuv, smiting formerly. 

rut^v*^ having snntten at anv P ag t time, indefinitely. 
rtTvpuf, having done smiting now. 
Ttrvfac, having done smiting then. 



Put. about to smite. 

TVTTUVy J 



Passive. 

Pres. Tv7r1o/u.tvoc, being smitten by another. 
Past. <rv?rlc/u.(vos 9 being smitten by another formerly. 



. smitten at any past time. 



riTvjxijLzvoc, having been smitten now. 
TfTti^fyof, having been smitten then. 

Fut. > I about to be smitten. 

Middle. 

Pres. rvirlofrtvoc, in the act of smiting myself. 
Past, rvrloptvot;, smiting myself formerly. 

Tv+toncn hayi smitten myself formerly. 

TVXO/ULtVOC, J 

tjtuwo?, having done smiting myself now. 
TZTvxati having done smiting myself formerly. 
Fut. 7 about tQ smite elf# 



63 



ADVERBS.* 

Adverbs are either primitive; #s/, aycw, #v, Sec. or de- 
rivative, which are 

(1) WITHOUT ANY CHANGE. 

Some verbs in the imperative mood become adverbs; 
as, aye, tix, Sec. 

Many nouns also, as well in the nominative as in the 
oblique cases of both numbers. 

In the Nominative. Adjectives of the neuter gender 
often become adverbs; as, from ©fjt/s, sour, 
from best: also, two of the masculine gender; as, 

hdvf, immediately, &v$ s rightly. 

In the other Cases. Substantives, or adjectives, espe- 
cially of the feminine gender, are often used adverbial—, 
ly. In the genitive; as, Isri^roAfo, superficially, Jx<yy, al- 
most, &c. in the dative; as, enra^, diligently, JSi#, per- 
sonally: in the accusative, with the article often pre- 
fixed; as, gratuitously, tw T#%t?nv 9 most rapidly. 

(2) BV MAKING A CHANGE, 

Either of the accent or breathing; as, #A^s$, truly, 
hoitTt, voluntarily, Sec. 

By adding letters [V, t] or syllables! [oVj as, jt£, 
where, oirot, whither: by varying or dropping letters; as, 
for y^yovy, on the knees, «vs*/, from «yg«5, silently. 
Many in m from genitive cases plural in m\ as, 
from iSg«y, cheerfully. 

* Interjections in Greek are included under the head of ad- 
\erbs: as of calling" o, ho! of grief, cJ«<, wo! f derision, lou, ah! 
aye! of approbation, uct, O brave! of laughter, as, «, u, ha! ha! of 
joy, tov 9 ho! of censure, as « <pey, O fie, &c It is often said in 
Greek there are no interjections. This is incorrect. The inter- 
jection exists in nature, and consequently in every language. 

f Adverbs denoting number commonly terminate in cor- 
responding with the English word times,- as, cr^xxax^, many 
times, from *ohv$, many, tiv1«x<f, five times, from ?rev7c', five. Ad- 
Terbs signifying arrangement or succession, end in «fov; as, t\u$ov 9 
troop by troo;;, from iKy, a troops xMpxwSov, step by step, from 
xX«^a|, a gradation.- 



6i 

ADVERBIAL PARTICLES PREFIXED IN COMPOSITION* 

' 5 A^, fix, xu; also a* more seldom than 

others, increase the signification, and, for the most 
part, draw back the accent; as,./3*7r**$, a large boy; 
3-s(^, very divine. 

*N?; and n particles used by the poets, denote priva- 
tion; v^V/^, speechless, n<p<§* 9 deprived of light. The 
particle 3vs, to which is opposed tv 9 denotes difficulty or 
malignity; dv<rx*aTd$, uncaptured, lvtr^sfis> unfriendly. 

The particle x is either privative, with the sense of 
ccnv t as, o'^flCTd?, seen, kb^ra^y unseen; or conjunctive , 
with the sense of as, #Wt<s, a wife; or intensive, 
with the sense of «y^yj as, cctsvkj very intent: or lastly, 
redundant; rx%v$, a<9u%v$, a beard of corn. 

N is often added before a vowel; as, .worthy* 
unworthy. Sometimes «y or for » before a con- 
sonant; as, cc^gflj®-, immortal, &x. So eg;, sometimes; 
as, 'i^ydvirefy sounding aloud. 

THE KINDS OF ADVERBS KNOWN FROM THE LATIN. 

Adverbs of place ending in 3/; 01 (from oS-s, by syncope 
and crasis) cr*, %%, tos, some in S, a few in and 3<?v 
signify m a place; as, oUoSt, oi'xot, at home. 

®£v (and the poetical form in 3-g) 0/ or /row a place, 
xgavoBsv, x£ciV6$-g, from heaven. 

As, <£g, 0*2, £o c place $ as, homeward, 
heavenward. 

a f« or to a place; as, upwards, xccra, beneath, Sec. 

Some adverbs, with «r prefixed, are, for the most part, 
interrogative: if they begin with r, they are redditive; 
but if with a vowel, indefinite; as, 

Indefinite. Interrogative: Redditive. 

on ottots, when I mts, when ? I tots, then 
r Jvov 9 as much as j sroVav, how much? | tUov so much- 
Some adverbs have a peculiar form of comparison, 
that is, either in ri%» and superlative in t^t*; as, iv#, 

* In a few instances they increase; as, v»W®-, peculiarly 
sw#et, v»^vt^*, diffusing widely.' 



63 



**F#T2g#, *v6>txt6>> loftily, more loftily, most loftily, 8cc. or 
in -ov after wl, crc% or aa preceded by a circumflexed 
verb and the superiative in irx; as, ?a%v, $-2tIov, or 
a-ov, Tccztsx, quickly, more quickly, most quickly: pctXccj 
^£aao», pafavet, considerably, more considerably, most 
considerably, Sec. 

CONJUNCTIONS. 

Conjunctions are either primitive; as, av, Sf, 
&c. or derivative; as, ^aa«, but, that: or com- 
pounds, which are much the most numerous, and end 
in the particles ys, rs, toi, wr, j«, enclitics, and com- 
monly expletives. 

The kinds of conjunctions are either known from the 
Latin, or learned by practice. 

THE PREPOSITIONS ARE EIGHTEEN. 

The monosyllables are six; s*, out of, before a conso- 
nant, ig before a vowel, ev, in, among, g<s, into, in, wgo, 
before, for, ^oc 9 before, near, c*t»v, with. 

The dissyllables are twelve, upipt, about, of, avee, 
through, «vt/j instead, because, *sro, from, since, due* 
through, W/, upon, of, wru, concerning, ^sri, with, 
after, vx^a, from, near, m^i, about, ufrsg, above, beyond, 
va-o, under. Their signification varies according to their 
government; as will appear hereafter. 

Prepositions compounded together become adverbs; 
JTtfgg?, without, abroad. 

Prepositions in composition, before vowels, lose their 
own final vowel; as, io-spg*, I prohibit, and sometimes I 
attend; except an:; t^o; as, niQLtyp, I possess, jt^o- 
ecya, I incite. 'A^p** sometimes loses, and sometimes 

* This preposition is not used in the Greek Testament, but in 
the Greek writers is joined with the genitive, dative, and accu- 
sative cases. Of the prepositions in composition six increase and 
lessen the force of the verb to which they are joined, as, dvt) t 
dxb, <fiot, K«7a, jr^off, jra^a. One lessens, as, v7ro\ five increase, as, 
e'f, g'x* 7rt§} 9 a-Wf V7rs§; fxira signifies change. Two or three prepo» 
sitkms together strongly enforce the signification of the- verb, 



66 



retains <; as, etpQixfaeu and xptpaXiffr&y I am disturbed 
on both sides. 

Bt and cvi in composition change their v* (1.) into y 
before y, x, |, (2.) Into A before A. Say also loses ¥ 
before £ or V when a consonant follows; as, ™£>}ts<5*, I 
complain with others, a-wira**, I assist. But the proper 
consonant is resumed before a vowel; as, wh^tx*. 

Every word which ends with a vowel, if it be prefixed 
in composition before doubles $; as, uvocpfw, I flow 
around. But ttx^u often omits the reduplication; as, 
^3£/V7<y, J tear through. 



* So also other words ending in 



SYNTAX, 



SO FAR A3 IT DIFFERS FROM THE LATIN. 

CONCORD is of three kinds as in Latin.* 

EXCEPTIONS PECULIAR TO THE GREEK. 

When a verb wants the first personal dual, the nomi- 
native dual is joined to the first person plural; as Ni? 
t|^gj», we two go out. 

A neuter noun in the nominative case plural takes a 
verb of the singular number; as, nx/lx iysvflo, all things 
were made. It also takes a verb in the plural; as lai- 
pc9ta zTiesvvcrii the devils believe. 

A plural adjective of any gender often changes its 
substantive into a genitive with the article; as, cTraWoi 
T#y yon&vrf for yaws, worthy parents. 

A substantive is often used for an adjective; as, 'eaa^V 
£*n}, the Greek language. 

• The relative is often put in the same case with its 
antecedent; as, X^etpxi fiiZhiois en I borrow the 
books which I have. 

Two nouns in the singular number are not improperly 
connected with a word in the dual; as, Atec^rrjv l^cuv\e 
'Argg* Jjjj, re 'AtyXXsvg, Atrides and Achilles contending, 
were separated: yet ctptyca and %vc» more frequently re- 
quire to be joined with the plural; as/'A^a- t%z7niv<rav,$ 
both have expired: Avotv o<p$-aXpa9, with two eyes. 

* As this grammar will probably be used by some persons who 
are unacquainted with Latin, we have stated some of the prin- 
cipal grammatical rules which the plan of Dr. Wettenhall did 
not admit of his introducing*. 

The verb agrees with its nominative case in number and per- 
son, as, lya t-jttIu, I smite. 

Two or more nouns of whatever number have generally a 
plural verb, axsg/act kccI xa^vrog $ia.$i(>ov<ri 3 seed and fruit differ. 

f In this construction kis understood. 

? From Euripides; a^co f etju.ee ^Trvwa-etv a&xtav fiov 9 both at the 
-same time breathed out a miserable soul. 



m 

THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE ARTICLE; 

The article, followed by fo, ys, &c. is taken for oti?iu 
5tos, or g«fe/ve$. 

The article of any gender, when prefixed to an ad- 
verb, is used for a substantive in all the cases; as, « 
wAjj^/o?, t$ *-aWov> Sec. In the neuter gender, when thus 
connected, it sometimes becomes an adverb; as, to 
ttdxeety formerly. 

The article is used for the relative; as, To fesov curcct- 
which is the easiest of all, for o paw. 

When there are several substantives, that, in sense, 
precedes the verb to which the article is prefixed; as, 
0tU h o Aeyes, the word was God. 

The article is used, 

(1) To denote pre-eminence; as, To *y*Sw, the chief 
good, uycc&09 9 good. 

(2) To explain and distinguish; as, 'l»*ms o Botrlt^i^ 
John the Baptist. 

(3) For the sake of better soitnd$ as, n«>.u 2us-&>~cc$ iv- 
Qncepev rag n rant Pirn^etiav yv&)p.ot$, *J ict$ reav $ttv\m 
*oi*$, we shall find that the sentiments of good men 
and the ideas. of the wicked are vastly different. 

It is often redundant, and for the sake of measure is 
assumed or omitted at pleasure by the poets. 

GOVERNMENT OF THE SUBSTANTIVE. 

The government of the substantive is nearly the same 
as in Latin: but nouns of praise and dispraise, as also of 
measure are commonly put in the genitive; as, 9 AvJg pi- 
yotMs *£srn$, a man of great virtue; 'Av3gi«? *n%i** 9 
a statue of twelve cubits. 

GOVERNMENT OF THE ADJECTIVE.* 

Those adjectives which, in Latin, require either the 
genitive or ablative, in Greek, always require the geni- 

* The adjective agrees with its substantive in number, case, 
and gender, as, x^ ^ <* vw ?5 a good man. 

Two or more substantives singular generally have an adjec- 
tive in the plural number, and if the substantives differ in gen- 
der, it agrees with the masculine as more -worthy than the feirJU 



69 



tive, viz. those of knowledge, remembrance, plenty, digni- 
ty, &c. as, & various T#v ct$g*}t<rtav y unsuccessful in lovers. 
v A%io$ t» ysv*$, worthy of the family. 

Comparative adjectives, ij, than, being understood, 
govern also the genitive; as, 'OgyiAaTfgd* km**, more 
angry than dogs. 

Those adjectives which require the dative in Latin, 
. require the dative in Greek; as, KccXh u^ea7ra> profit- 
able for man, Kxkcp t£ ^3-^t», injurious to the man. 

VARIOUS CASES AFTER ADJECTIVES. 

Adjectives of guilt, similitude, propriety, agreement or 
disagreement require the genitive, and often the dative; 
as, u O{*6te$ <*v8g&7ra> 9 like to a man. "o^oies vpw, like you. 

Many Adjectives* have after them the accusative of 
the substantive, which signifies form, manner, country, 
race, name, occupation, object, measure, number, or party 
with the preposition kxtu, Sec. understood; as, 

*vz>>9 ywufcf, generous as to his temper. 

Sometimes they require the dative, and rarely the 
genitive, with other prepositions understood; as, 'Emmis- 
i'Ssc-/, correct in manners. 

The same adjective,t in different significations, re- 
quires different cases, according to the different rules; 
as, 'ASveflos ywetiKU, not seeing a woman. C A$W]«$ aXXotf, 
not seen by others. 

nine, and the feminine than the neuter; as, afo\$o* » yvfitvoi, 
a brother or a sister naked. 

The Greek noun xgnpa, pi. x^t*-*' 1 ** signifying thing or thing's, 
is usually omitted and implied in the neuter adjective, as k«aov 
(x?*^*) *? tv > ^ * s a g"°°d thing; xccvlz (^vy.ocU) lyzvslo, all things 
were made, &c. 

* Also verbs, participles, and verbals, i. e. transitive verbs, 
govern usually an accusative; substantive verbs have the same 
case after as before, and verbs put acquisitively govern a dative: 
generally indeed where the signs to or for may be put before a 
noun or pronoun in English, that word in Greek is in the dative, 
as, r^a'fi? v/xtv, I write to you. Verbs of profiting, trusting, obey- 
ing*, answering, sufficing*, &c. and adjectives of likeness, equa- 
lity, decency, obedience, affection, easiness, trust, and their con- 
traries, almost ever govern dative cases. 

t As also the verb, or any other part of speech, 



70 



GOVERNMENT OF THE VERB. 

The government of transitive ancl substantive verbs, 
and of those put acquisitively,* is the same as in Latin. 

So also verbs of asking, teaching, clothing, concealing, 
as also those of testifying, invoking, and adjuring, go- 
vern two accusatives; as, *Ogj&/£« eg rh Btcv, I adjure 
thee by God. ' 

Verbs of beginning, ceasing, desiring, abstaining, want- 
ing, excelling, being distant, deferring, and erring, require 
the genitive ; as, "A^o^a* xoyx, I begin the address. 

Verbs of /tiling, depriving, -valuing, allaying, accusing, 
absolving, condemning, and driving from, govern an accu- 
sative of the person, and a genitive of the thing; as, 
Uumvraq IAttXwv aya&m, he hath filled the hungry with 
good things. Some also take two accusatives; as, 'Atto- 
s-sgsi ru %$k,6ctc6, he deprived me of privileges. 

Many verbs compounded with tr v v and cpx, take the 
dative of the person or thing, accompanying; as, 'Opitetv 
etvra>, to address him. 

Verbs of swearing govern the accusative of the thing 
by which one swears, and a dative of the person to 
whom; as, v O/zfv^ trot kwcc, I adjure thee by the dog. 

Verbs of yielding govern a genitive of the thing and 
dative of the person; as, Etzcj y^ariv g£g>i$, I give up my 
seat to the aged. 

Verbs of hearing,* smelling, tasting, touching^ more 
frequently take the genitive, out sometimes the accusa- 
tive; as, "Hx&?<™* <pmvg, I heard the voice, lysoa-xro c/S#£, he 
tasted the water. 

To this rule belong verbs of remembering, for getting, 
admiring, attempting, pursuing, casting lots, enjoying, re- 
garding, neglecting, despising, and apprehending; as, 
fzvicr^r t ri or pt, remember me. 

Verbs of communicating or participating, and the con- 
trary, with a dative of the person require also a geni- 
tive, and sometimes an accusative, of the thing; as, tx 
ptTccdidovat raTs Qi\ot$ itty it becomes us to share 
misfortunes with friends. 

* Under verbs put acquisitively are included verbs tf giving 

and profiting. 

f Also the acc. with a gen. 



71 



Verbsof sfieaking and doing, with adverbs, or with the 
accusative of adjectives which signify well or ill, more 
generally require the accusative of the person of whom 
any thing is said, or for whom any thing is done well or 
ill; as, M Yi ayogiv'uv kmxms rh rAyixorx, to speak no ill of 
the dead. KccXas iroturs r«j ^/or£yT#s vp<k$> do good to 
them that hate you. 

Verbs of exchanging require the genitive of the thing 
received with the accusative of the thing given; as 5 
'Apt/fiuv x^vtre* %cthKuuv, to exchange gold for brass. 

* A noun signifying the matter of which any thing is 
made after verbs is put in the genitive, and more sel- 
dom in the dative; as, a^irr,* uhocpetvroq 'irevfy, he con- 
structed a sithe of adamant. 

Finally, verbs which have several constructions are 
innumerable among the Greeks. Verbs of im/iloring, 
flattering, reproaching, inhabiting, admit the dative or 
accusative. Verbs of commanding take a genitive, (with 
the poets the dative) and an accusative. Verbs of accus- 
ing, condemning, absolving, depriving , participating, and 
communicating , change the case of the thing and person 
in various ways; as, xotToiyivd<rK&t crx, I accuse thee, erg 
t»t», I accuse thee of this, <r» tS™, I charge this on thee, 
<ris vxtv S-avctTov, I award death to thee for this. 

Many verbs, on account of their various signification, 
have different constructions; as, Bci7txtv& tks 'Ag-ius, I 
command Asia, Bxo-itevc-ov avrti's /3*<r;As#, appoint a king 
for them. 

DERIVATIVE VERBS. 

Derivative verbs generally require the cases of their 
primitive nouns or adverbs.* 

If taken passively, they require the case only of the 
primitive contained in them^ but if actively, the accusa- 
tive also; as, YliXxga rcov nm, I am near the boys. Maxgv- 
fa> erg tS? 9roAe&>s, I remove thee from the city. Because 
auK^M and mXets govern the genitive. 

Verbs denoting incitement , or the occasion of acting, 
govern the accusative of the person with the case of the 

* As xiroxexvrcci tvs a<r8tvciae, thou art loosed from thy infirmity; 
jrcffccCa/vjT£ rw whim/, ye transgress the command. 



73 

word included in them; as, TccXx vu<t$ lirinrxy I have fed 
you with milk. 

A derivative verb sometimes governs the case of its 
periphrasis; as, Tapnva r^g sr#g«As<, I provide for the 
mariner; because we say, r*pi*$ ilpi t2$ *r#g<*A#, I am the 
butler of the mariner. 

A derivative in a periphrasis also governs the case of 
its primitive verb: as, \%<at^n% eipt tSto, I am refusing 
this; because we say, Ifytpvpai tSto, I refuse this. 

Yet other cases are often used according to the rules 
given above; as, V ifoSi%n iti\u<rxv, they placed the 
mast in its socket; because verbs of approaching go* 
vern the genitive.* 

GOVERNMENT OF PASSIVE VERBS. 

Passive verbs of calling, appearing, Sec. follow the 
rule of the substantive verb. 

All passive verbs require a dative of the agent, as in 
Latin; a genitive, with the prepositions iStto, «wo, ntt^u, 
vrfai Ik, Sec. as, *0.»S$ vsr' oYvx hotQOiipreu, the mind is 
overcome by wine; and other cases, with other prepo- 
sitions. 

A middle verb, on account of its active or passive 
signification, follows the government of either; as, Bm- 
Zfipou nratht, I oppress the child. Bi#fy<r&xt *irl vXetov&v, 
to be oppressed by more. 

The case of some nouns depends on their significa- 
tion; as, 

The name of the instrument or manner is expressed 
in the dative; as, 9 A$yv(iew Xof^xta fight with the 

silver lances. So also 

The cause; as, TgS-vjjsesv aiwrXii%i* 9 he died of an apo- 
plexy. And often in the genitive, with w&t* understood. 

A noun signifying the part affected is put in the geni- 

* Verbs of giving", s.Tpng, snowing 1 , comparing 1 , joining, agree- 
ing, contriving, &c. govern an accusative of the nearer substan- 
tive with a dative of the more distant, which latter in English 
may he resolved by to or for; as, wis SiJoli tottov StafioKu, neither 
give place to the devil: yvvcctxt 3-av«7ov c ( «^«75, for the . woman 
he contrived death* 



tivc>* especially with verbs of catching, washing, &c. as, 
Avxov utuv x£U7&, I hold the wolf by his ears. 

A noun signifying the price is put in the genitive, or 
dative; as, Ov%< ivo s-gtfS^ *(r<rot£t6v wwXtftut, are not two 
sparrows sold for a farthing. Na^iV^wti em*, sold for 
lawful money. 

The noun of time, answering to the question when, is 
also put in the genitive or dative; as^HAfo wxles, he came 
by night. 'Avet^ia-ersci t»j rpm ifispti he shall rise again on 
the third day. The noun answering to the question how 
long, is put in the accusative or dative; as, spun pvicci 
rgs7$, she remained three months. Luke i. 56. 

The noun of space is put in the accusative; as, E(pe<r*$ 
£tirt%n cctto Xufieav r^iav vpt^av, Ephesus is distant from 
Sardis a journey of three days. 

The noun of filacer when it denotes motion to a place, 
is put in the accusative; as, < Eaaj}Wo/I<» txovTc, they came 
to the Hellespont. Denoting from a place, it is put in 
the genitive; as, TjJ? K^twjs *g«f6n», we left the 

shore of the Cretan sea. Action in a place is put in the 
dative; as, Zt«a*s ^tsci 'OAt^*-/*?** columns to be 
erected at Olympia 

The genitive is often put absolute, with a participle; 
as, Mjjvfi/v <pS-tvovTM) the months being ended. 

GOVERNMENT OF THE INFINITIVE. 

The government of the infinitive is, for the most 
part, the same in Greek as in Latin.| 

But with infinitives, the Greeks sometimes use the 

* Sometimes also in the accusative or dative* 

f The Greek poets and orators often express motion to a 
place by adding 1 $r to the accusative; as, ir6\zp.ovSt, to the war; 
Kyogmfe, to the assembly; MsyxguSs, to Megara. 

$ The infinitive is put after verbs* substantives, and adject! vea^ 
as in English; as, &ov\ov/u.tQct yvavett, we desire to know"; ilovo-tccv 
jjcv«r8ai, power to become; <x%ioc x.Aw8xva/, worthy to be called. 

he infinitive is often governed by a noun or pronoun in the 
accusative case going before, and may be resolved by that; f&nv 
kvIov (pvnfovxi, he ordered that he should be called; or as in Eng- 
lish, he ordered him to be called The infinitive thus applied 
admits a noun in the accusative before it, as, rrgOTov ci &tKnnrw- 
puynext, before Philip called thee. 



74 



accusative neuter of the article; as, "Ekqm to 7ri\tt 
lA5gT», I determined not to come again. 

They also use with them the genitive* of the article 
after a word which requires a genitive; as, K.*rcc£%ct{it 
tS K(x,tew t I would charge thee to call. 

The infinitive with a neuter article may be taken for 
a substantive, and used in any case; as, 'Etc t£ ogxv yt^ou 
to lew, love is produced from sight, (a proverb.) 

The infinitive with a preposition and article, followed 
by an accusative is equivalent to the genitive absolute, 
or to a phrase in which that case is resolved by a finite 
verb: as, 9 Ev ra> ihS?7v ctvlov; on his coming; that is, ixB-oflos 
uvtx, he coming, or 'hscv eAS-jj auras, when he came. 

For gerunds and supines the Greeks make use of 
verbs in the infinitive. 

The gerund in di is expressed by the infinitive and 
genitive of *he article after the word which requires a 
genitive. 

The gerund in do by the infinitive, after prepositions 
signify in gfrorn, of, out of, in,foi~, with that case of the 
article following which the preposition requires. 

In the same manner the gerund in dum,i by the infi- 
nitive, after prepositions which signify to, for, hard by, 
between, before, 8c c. 

Sometimes the article is omitted; "flga k^rnvcti, to de- 
part in time. 

For supines the infinitive only is used; as, Ti ityhS-irz 
B-£C6<?»?9-<zt, what went ye out to see ? Aiysiv ui<r%£o?, it is a 
shame to speak. (Eph. v. 12.) 

When necessity is signified, the verbal in rzcv (com- 
monly called the adverb of position) is used, which takes 
the case of its verb, and also a dative of the agent; as, Ng- 
*ts fyxaiTBov t%s yi^vrets, it is for boys to emulate the aged. 

GOVERNMENT OF THE IMPERSONAL VERBS. 

The government of impersonal verbs is the same as 
of personals, if the signification remains. But to be more 

* With lviy.cc understood. 

t The adverb (jlAo^m with a participle has the force of the ge- 
rund in (htm; as, Khznov Ax^ctvSg®' ubtcl%v Suttyovtcc l^onvat, Alex- 
ander slew Clitus at supper time. Lucian. 



75 



particular: del, hTrctt, Sec. there is need, take a da- 
tive of the person with a genitive of the thing: as, A si 
jut yroxipv, there is to me a necessity for war. 

Ait, opefMh it behoveth, (and many others) take 
the accusative with an infinitive; as, AzTxvtov U7rt}&ih> it 
becomes him to go. 

But 2s7v, to be wanting, is put absolutely with a geni- 
tive; as, MiK%& h7v, L e. fuxg* Secy-re?, wanting little, 

GOVERNMENT OF THE PARTICIPLES. 

The government of participles is the same as that of 
their verbs, except, that when used adjectively> they re- 
quire a genitive; as,M*j§sv s#*v, having nothing. Aiyjpe- 
(pJIo?, perceiving a light, 

A participle is often used for an infinitive,- as, nigra* 
htyavleii io-S-iovTis K&^eipov *d ^rtvovreg v^ag, the Persians are 
said to eat cresses and to drink water. 

Also for a finite verb; as, {ul 7tg&tm%x$, who smote 
me. 

Also, sometimes, for a substantive; as, Merit nyS-vpa- 
p6sv©$, he was all indignation. 

Finally, for an adverb; as, Tttyircts g/VJjAS-s,* he went 
in boldly. 

The participles of impersonals are very frequently 
put in the place of the genitive absolute; as, '£,\eQvytv 
Jxlyy %in<?av aXovctt, i. e. 2* >!ram>$, he fled, few being 
needed to take him. 

GOVERNMENT OF THE ADVERBS. 
(1) WITH CASES. 

The nominative follows adverbs of demonstrating; as^ 
l3a o vl*$ cr«, behold thy son. 

Many adverbs require a genitive; as those, 

Of quantity; as, c/ AA*$ ^t/os, enough of oak (like heart 
of oak) a proverb. 

Offilace; as, f/ Eg# fiehav, beyond the weapon. 'Evmitmv 
tS <5>eS, before God. 

Of time; as/'E^s ipi^s, until that day. 

Of number; as, At$ '-/•«gg« T tf, twice a week. 

Of separating; as/Ar*« t£ without the father. 



76 



Of came; as, &«v*T*ue&*, for thy sake we are 

killed. 

The dative follows adverbs of collecting; as,"A,ie* uv- 

together with them. 
The accusative follows adverbs oi swearing; as, M« 
Atu % by Jove. 

Some admit several cases; as* *Ey[v$ t?s woAia/j or -rJS 
'idirwu, nigh to the city or to Joppa. 

Ol, alas, and a, O, take all the cases. 

Derivative adverbs govern the cases of their primi- 
tives: they also, on account of different significations, 
govern different cases.* 

(2) WITH MOODS. 

Mi, the adverb of fir eventing, is joined with all moods 5 
except the indicative; as, Mi pe6vcrxe<?8e that, be not drunk 
with wine. Mi S-e-opatxatptv, let us not fight against God. 
*sv?g<* pi fix&p, to speak no falsehoods. (The rest to be 
learned from use.) 

Two negatives express negation more strongly ; as ? 
"Otr t ui irtw, I will by no means drink. 

More than two make the expression still more strong; 
as, 'Oviciit k pi (piyoi, I will not any more eat, (Luke 
xxii. 16.) But when separated by the intervention of a 
verb, they affirm; as, 9 Ov dvwptxt ftn p2y*v'i<r&cct ecvrt^l can . 
recollect him. 

GOVERNMENT OP CONJUNCTIONS. 

The government of conjunctions, copulative, disjunc- 
tive, Sec. may be known from the Latin. 

Conditional, casual, discretive, adversative, and poten- 
tial conjunctions, take various moods after them. 

*Av and J**, if, take the subjunctive, sometimes the 
optative, or indicative. 

*Av, when indefinite, leaves the signification of the 
word to which it adheres, vague. *A», when potential, 
also Ktv, adds to the word the signification rj Jt/v#<7&*/, to 

* Thus Zfiia, before, governs a genitive;- uuee, together^ a dative; 
a/xTii, about, a dative; bat *w\ufr*w> an accusative, 



77 



he able. Each is used with the optative, subjunctive, 
and indicative mood; and sometimes with the infinitive. 

f/ £2fg, that, so that, governs the infinitive or indicative. 
Other particulars to be learned by reading. 

GOVERNMENT OF PREPOSITIONS, 

'E*» TT^ly u7ro, utTt, govern a genitive only. 

'Ex or If, from, of, or out; as, Tvw Ik tS <5p^o'$, the wo- 
man is from the man. 

So in composition; 9 Exj3«AA&>, I cast out: It has other 
significations; as, 'e|^o-^, power," &c 

Tlgo* before; as, Ilgo 6v%ai>, before the door. Sometimes 
for, &c. 

In composition, before; as, ngd&asAA«y, I set before. It 
takes other significations; as, n^xejrta, I go forward. &c. 

Artotfromji&ithow; as,'E£*cp/tf* are 0s*, power from God. 

So in composition; as, *A7ro?%c<pa, I turn away, <kc. It 
has other significations; as, ' A7rox£t*cpo6t, I -answer, Sec. 

*Afl«,ybr; as, 'OQQechpov uvrt otpS-a^pa, an eye for an eye. 

In composition against; as, AiT^g**-©-, antichrist, or 
•against Christ. It has other significations, as, avrtTronopou, 
I claim, &c. 

'Ev, in, governs a dative only; as, 9 E* fripm irtelv) to 
sail in the harbour, (a proverb.) 

So in composition; as,"Eve*£e/, I am in. It has other 
significations; as, 'Evr£«a-0f&«f, I reverence, &c. 

Svv, wz'M; as, ©g«, with God. 

In composition, cori; as, EwSsx©", a fellow servant. It 
has other significations; as, £w/$->j^ 1 commend, &c. 

Those which govern an accusative only, are, %\q or 1$, 
With an accusative, it signifies into; as, 9 Ejc m 
®Xoyoi) out of the fire into the flame. 

So in composition; as, Efo«Xtap4i, I leap upon: It has 
other significations, as, £l<r*>viot f a tribute, &c. 
. A<« governs a genitive, or accusative. 

Signifying by, it has a genitive; as, Ai» apac^Us l 
m?<&>> by sin (came) death. 

Signifying/or, it has an accusative; as, To <r<iZZxTMhxr 
>3.fo €&y0£*>7jov, the sabbath (was made) for man. 



* It is doubled with the poets; as, Trgcz-go, 
H £ 



7& 

In composition the di or dis of the Latins; as, AauQei* 
vw, I disagree: sometimes, by, beyond, about, Sec. K 
also has other significations; as, hotty^ I excel. 

9 AfC<p}, 17?}, %CIT&, f&STCt, 7TC6£0i, Tltf, VfTgg, 

are joined to the genitive, dative, or accusative. 

'ApPf, of, with a genitive; as, 'ApQt yg«<pil, a dis- 

sertation concerning the stars. 

With the dative, (which it seldom governs but among 
the poets) it signifies about; as, 9 A/xq> i a&ois fictXgtro %i$<§* 9 
he struck the sword about his shoulders. 

About, also, with an accusative; as, 'uJg#W4^<p* facets 
about the currents of Jordan. 

In composition, about; as, Au<Ptficixxa>, I cast about. 
It has other significations; as, a^i7rona, I consume. 

s Av<, with a genitive, which is but seldom, signifies 
about; as, 9 Av& x£6TX<p<nt rv^iicru^, occuring about the 
temples. With a dative (as in use among the poets) it 
denotes with, in; as, Xgvvia uvec vx^^a, with a golden 
sceptre* With the accusative, through; as, *Av& ?£xlov, 
through the army. Also, to, according 1 to. 

In composition, repetition; as, *Ay*T$%»> I run back* 
It has also other significations; as, 'Avxytvas-xw, I read. 

5 E5r<, above, $o, in, governs a genitive, dative, and ac- 
cusative; as, 'Etp* upon a horse. 'Ear* ichvt, upon 
the earth* 'Ewt rh 'ivtv, upon, the ass. 

And the same in composition; as, 'Ew^o I am in. 
EnriyzUtpa, I subscribe. It has also other significations; 
as, 'ETTtTtpcca, I blame. 

Kara, against, downward, takes a genitive; as, K*T«e 
Xg/s-s, against Christ. With a dative, which it has among 
the poets, it signifies from; as, Kara, 2g <r<pt 9 from them- 
selves. With an accusative, about, according to, &c. as, 
k#t# M#]Scc7ot, according to Matthew. 

In composition it signifies downy as, K#t#£#mw, I des- 
cend. It has other significations; as, K«T##ge*g#,I despise. 

Msri. with a genitive with; as, MfJ' ipviQeis* God 
with us: with a dative, (chiefly among the poets) in, 
among, Sec, as, Mgr<i ^goy* iw Xvgxv, having in his 
hands the lyre: with an accusative, after; as, M«t<* rlv 
iriXtftw rvpt&a%/* 9 after battle assistance. 

In composition, beyond; as, MsT*<pgg#, I transfer. If 
ha's other significations; as ? Me 7^7^3-4, I call for. 



70 



tl*Z*>froni, more than, near, 8cc. governs a genitive^ 
•as, Hoc^k Kv^ix i fio&six p.*) my help is from the Lord: 
signifying with, a dative; as, n«£& rS K.v£i'& sAf®*, with 
the Lord is mercy: signifying against, from, to } an accu- 
sative; as, n*£<» rov vopov, contrary to the law. 

In composition it signifies to, ex ce/it, amiss; as,n«egf^tf, 
I am at 9 -7«gaxtf0, I hear amiss. It has other significa- 
tions; as, ncc£cc*c6te6>i I comfort. 

ns^fi °fy governs a genitive; as, Utgl ?ivote<r%iiv $ 
to be perturbated because of smoke, (a proverb,) signi- 
fying about, a dative and accusative; as, tie gi (Suptit 
^ivufy to dance about the altars. n»gi (poSe^x i *v9gf/*, 
fortitude (is required) about difficulties. 

In composition it signifies about; as, negusy*, I lead 
about. It has other significations; as, ns^y^**, 1 de- 
scribe, &c. 

n^fl?, with a genitive, signifies/rom^ as, U^lg, Ail* eictv 
#7r#vTi?, all are from God. In calling to witness, or tak- 
ing an oath by, before-, with a dative and accusative to; 
as, ngfls Kityxty) by the head. "Otos *f£q$ At/g<«v, the ass t© 
the lyre. 

In composition it signifies to; as, ngec-sg;^*/, I ap- 
proach. It has other significations; as, U^7K^t», I strike 
against, &c. 

*T*%> with the genitive, upon; as, V^xs v-rlg xsQxXvis, 
age (is seen) upon his head: with a dative, which hap- 
pens but seldom, and with an accusative, ufion; as, *Y;rsg, 
-«gyt/g« 3* ogSrTflM, they sail upon silver, (a silver sea. J 
s Y?rsg ply* Xcttrpot StekuTrnti over a great extent of sea. 

In composition it signifies above; as, vTsgflrsgje-o-svAr, I 
abound. 

It has other significations; as, v^s^7iB-i^»i, I defer, &c. 

'Yn-o, governs a genitive, dative and accusative; and in 
composition signifies under; as, e Y?r* %3-ovo$, under the 
earth. 'Y^ro t3 A£o»t* anlqfto?, an ape under a lion's skin, 
'Ytto t«> (aoSiqv, under a bushel. *firoy^ci(pa, I subscribe. 
It has other significations; as, 'Ytfox^^ccj, I assimilate. 

N. B. All these prepositions may be found with other 
significations than those we have enumerated, but 
they are mpre frequently used as above* 



80 



Among the poets several prepositions joined to- 
gether sometimes govern cases; as, 9 A^pt *rs§/ wfaccri) 
about the breasts. 

Prepositions, which do not govern, become adverbs, 
(the accent on #-gg/ and u%o being drawn back) as, 
Mac^Qv it srgos, what equally diminutive. 

The accent of some prepositions is also drawn back, 
viz. 

?/ Av#* (also av) ivt for lv, \ni pivot, ttu^x, vtgt, sometimes 
supply the place of verbs, commonly of the third per- 
son, through all numbers; as,^A*2' 'olv<r<riv$, i. e. un?q. 
Ulysses arose. "Evi (sometimes lv) est/, p'trx, 5r#g«, 5r2£<, 
for the compounds of the verb elpt; as, *Ovk 'ivt 9 lviuks 9 
their is neither Jew, (Gal. iii. 28.) They are also put 
impersonally. 

A preposition in composition often governs the case 
which it governed when alone. 

Verbs compounded with avk, from, above ; for ', 
and other prepositions signifying qf and from, govern 
a genitive; as, 'KTrz^xeiTcti t£v aroAs«», he engaged for the 
cities. 

Those compounded with lig, irpg* kn\, against, ptrx.y 
with, ira£C6, nigh to, hvo, under, iw}, in, to, above, and 
others which signify to, in, under, govern a dative; as^ 
? £ws?«Ao» uvTots they laid hands on them. 

Words compounded with .naifa, ptru, 2<i, and other 
prepositions signifying excefit* beyond, go »v^rn an accu- 
sative; as, ncc^ccinre ?w Urtxfo, ye transgress (or go 
beyond) the commandment. 



* *Av:t also far ava nifrf . 



81 



[The following- general observations for rendering Greek into 
English, taken from Mr. Parkhurst, will be found to repay the 
learner's attention.] 

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS FOR RENDERING GREEK 
INTO ENGLISH. 

1. Every* finite verb hath a nominative case wit& 
which it agrees, either expressed or understood. 

2. Every adjective has a substantive expressed or 
understood. 

S. Every relative has in like manner, an antecedent 
expressed or understood. 

4. Every genitive is governed by a substantive, or 
by a preposition, expressed or understood. '. 

5. Every dative has either in itself the force of acqui- 
sition, i. e. denotes the person or thing to ovfor which 
any thing is or is done, or is governed by some prepo- 
sition expressed or understood. 

6. Every accusative is governed by a verb transitive, 
©r by a preposition expressed or understood. 

7. In rendering Greek into English let the learner 
remember, in general, that the nominative case (if ex- 
pressed) with its adjective, or the words connected with 
it, is to be taken before the verb, then the verb itself, 
and the adverb (if any) which qualifies it signification; 
next the accusative case afteiva transitive verb, or the 
nominative after a neuter one, or the infinitive mood) 
and lastly, the genitive or dative case with or without a 
preposition, or an accusative with one. Words expres- 
sive of the time when are usually to be taken towards 
the beginning of the sentence. A vocative case (if any) 
is to be thrown in where most ornamental; and the re- 
lative, with the words connected with it, to be ranged 
after its antecedent. Defendant sentences^ which are 
connected with the principal one by a conjunction, are 
most usually put before the principal sentence, or in 
t:he middle of it, more rarely after it. 

8. After all, use will be the best master in directing 
the order in which English words translated from the 
Greek may be most properly and elegantly placed, 



t That is, every verb no* in the intuitive moed* 



PROSODY. 



The prosody here necessary treats of breathings^ ac~ 
cents, and the time or quantity of syllables. 



OF BREATHINGS, 



Vowels (v excepted) and initial diphthongs have the 
juild breathing. 



EXCEPTIONS. 

A is aspirated in twenty nouns, eight verbs, and the 
three adverbs, Hxx, enough; apx, together; *?r#f, once. 

E is aspirated before a, 4^> *>> fih ^> but, 
Iks zksivos, kc. Particularly, in about twenty nouns, ten 
verbs, and the four adverbs, gW*«, for the sake of, l|»J?, 
consequently, IW, until, and g, g, the language of grief.f 

H is aspirated for the moat part before y, k, cr; in 
sixteen nouns, and in iptKlta, vph and *nx.*. 

O is usually aspirated before nx and also before ^ 
<p not following, and <r with a vowel following. The ar- 
ticles 6 and 05 are aspirated, and from them *rt 9 o6t, Etc. 
The same breathing is used in the prefix particle V, in 
seven nouns and in the verb 

€1 is aspirated in a^u, that. 

Any vowel is aspirated before ga-, gu, the breathing of 
the theme being disregarded; as, c 'Ag5r*|, 'E^ij?. 



* Vossius and Priscian assert that the ancient Greeks used no 
mark for a mild breathing; but that wherever an aspirate occur- 
red they prefixed h as we do in English, writing Hai^u not atpou 
The note H in process of time they divided, and used the right 
side 1 for an aspirate, and the left side 1 for a miid breathing; 
but at length transcribers, for their greater ease and expedition, 
blunted the angles and formed equal semicircles ' 

f The scholiast upon Aristophanes says, "the Grecians were 
in the habit, when in distress for deceased friends, of drawling 
out their words and repeating the sound e, I', ?; h^nce funeral fo- 
mentations were called 'iteyot 



83 



The augment e prefixed to a consonant is mild, but in 

the perfect tenses of verbs in ^ it preserves the breath- 
ing of the theme^ as,"]?^/, sVjj««6. When prefixed to a 
voweUit receives its breathing; as V K wrta, w^m-, etna, cgxu. 

The temporal augment retains the breathing of the 
mutable; as, "Axt*&, w#ov. 

The improper reduplicatkm of verbs in fit is aspirat- 
edj as, "impi* 

Words that are new, combined, derived, or varied, pre- 
serve the breathing of those from which they are form- 
ed; with the exception of l^os from ^bvs and a few others; 
in composition a for and • for epw are mild; as, 

The same word is marked with a breathing corres- 
pondent to its different origin or meaning. Some words 
also, the same signification remaining, are sometimes 
aspirated and sometimes mild; as, "E^cm and f/ Eg<r>j, dew, 

OF ACCENTS. 

Single words, whether simples or compounds, have 
only one accent. Some remove it, and are then called 
enclitics, and a few have no accent at all; (and are de- 
nominated atonies.) 

Ten small words have no accent; o, i, a/, «v or cvk 
or ov%) it, &s> ivt sis or I* or e|. 

The articles, nevertheless, are accented, # for os, tires, 
or lev™-, §, o% «*V, for<*vTij, 2ro/, uvtxi, introduced without 
a substantive and followed by neither plv nor Ss; as, a51*| 
o At/»/jjv5s, he afterwards went into Lycia. 

'Ov or kx, is accented before any point; as, 'O 2g g'ipjj, & 
He said, no. . 

tN &s, Mas, is every where accented; as,*12$, ?<p*T, thus 
he spake. So eX n?, #£e os, when placed after in the con- 
structioii; as, Kvves &Sy like dogs; and as, in a manner, 
after !«•<; as/'£r* ^gy it is indeed, after a fashion. 

'E| placed after a case is accented; as, 'Oy h xmkm g|, 
not from the wicked. 

All the words called atonies, when augmented by 
composition may be accented; as, N2»'3s« Sg Tret^uKaMnat, 
but now he is comforted. 

The enclitics are T^some one, through all the cases; 



the pronouns pi; g-#U, t6} } a-l; J, tit, v> r##g, 

&q>*rt, Gr$>Z$* and crQa. The Verbs <pn<ri, <po[\h, QayJv, 
tpetil, (puffh tips, ifh ittrt, and ivpm is, I, more frequently. 
The particular indefinites WJf, tfoB-I, w?, 5ro7, tto2, tpk^ 
also yg, «f, xgy, yy, *r#£, ?r#, p«, toi and frequently 3tj*. 

Enclitic words either change or lose their accent. 

They change, that is, they transfer the accent, always 
acuting it on the last syllable of the word preceding; 
in which case the preceding word has, 

1. An acute accent on the antepenult, as, "Ailgwnfe 
a certain man. 

2. A circumflex on the penult, the final syllable be- 
ing short; as, TSra let to a-ap* poi^ this is my body. 

3. The acute accent on the penult which, with the 
last syllable, becomes a trochaic foot. 

4. When an enclitic shall have preceded, deprived 
of its accent, or a word wanting an accent; as, Kc&&>$ 
Qu^t rues, as some say. 

They lose the accent when the word ^preceding has 
the tone on the last syllable; as, o *#7$ /am, my servant; 
they also change a grave accent into an acute; as, Bit 
^t/,€>gs pov, my God, my God. 

Enclitic monosyllables lose the accent after paroxy- 
tons which are not trochees; as, Mnxn^ pov, my mother; 
or, after a circumflex on the penult, when the last syl- 
lable is long only by position; as, Xo7»t% v.»v* my rule. 
Dissyllables lose not the accent; as, Zao-a rtv*$ l| uv\m 9 
I might save some of them. Rom ix. 14. 

The Verb hi draws back the accent upon the penult, 
when it begins a sentence; or when it immediately fol- 
lows some point, the particles >£, «*, «, and words that 
exhibit an apostrophe, such as W7 S , «>a*, &c. as,"E?< 
&®ua •fyvfctx.ov, g's* cap* 7DnvfjLo£\ix.o*, there is a natural 
body and there is a spiritual body. This occur s some- 
times for the sake of emphasis. 

All the rest of the enclitics retain the tone after any 
point or note of distinction; as (Asyg/ A t/7i*#) trot 

teyu* he hath said to the sick of the palsy, I say unto 
thee: or even for the sake of emphasis; a3> i <re, the 
root, thee. Rom. ix. 1 8« 

Pronouns after prepositions, and or, for the most 



85 



part, have no change of accent; as, i» o-s, from thee. 9/ H 
«rg ^S«|s, or he hath taught thee. 

The definite -ns often preserves its accent when it 
precedes a verb, on which it depends, as, [Ovk z%x<ri t* 
(puyuo-ii they have nothing to eat. 

When many enclitics occur together, they are called 
synenclitics. Such synenclitics are most commonly ac~ 
cemed and without an accent alternately; as in the five 

following, 'Oy yacg 7F0) <rtvet <pv)pt* 

OF WORDS CALLED ENTOjYICS. 
GENERAL RULES. 

1. The accent is commonly on the former syllable, 
and is either acute or circumflex. 

In hyperdissyllables (or words containing more syl- 
lables than two) the antepenult is acuted as often as a 
last syllable is short, and the penult as often as the same 
syllable is long.; as, ^AvS-^xe^, uvS-gairdv* A< and oi finals 
are considered short on account of accent; as/'A'/S-g^e*, 
rivrlcpur excepting at and ot in optatives, in contract 
syllables, and in others that are circumflexed in the no- 
minative; as, TvTrle*, te%*7. Voc. woTt from 5r#7?. 

2. A syllable that is iong by nature or use before a 
vowel that is short by nature, if it have any tone, is cir- 
cumflexed.* Thus-T/g has the penult long* but ?« short: 

* The reason is this. Syllables which have no accent over 
them are supposed to be barytons, that is, to have a graze ac- 
cent on the last syllable. If then in contraction you join one syl- 
lable marked with an acute (thus ') to a following" syllable which 
is supposed to be a grave, (marked thus') from the connexion 
of these two accents will result this figure (") which was the 
ancient way of circumfiexing a syllable, until it came afterwards 
to be rounded (thus Now if the contraction be made from 
any thing* besides an acute before a grave, this figure ( n ) cannot 
result; the accent will therefore continue as before. Thus when 
a grave is supposed before an acute, the acute remains; as, 
(piteotficEV) <pi\6i/u,sv; for the juncture of a grave and an acute would 
produce this figure (•') not a circumflex. 

Hence arises the probability that the greater part of those 
nouns which have a circumflex on the last syllable are formed 
by contraction; as, 'E^? from 'Egptag, from Ksa^>, &c. 

Messieurs de Port Royah - 

I 



86 



vvQdik) tvQ&etira* Before a final, long by position only, 
it is usually circumflexed; as, Xtttug. Finals also in -sv 
and -ov y if with any tone, require a circumflex; as, *Ev, 
ttovz except <3ar, /*• 

3. Every acuted final, in the body of a sentence is 
turned into a grave, unless in the interrogative t/$, or 
before an enclitic, or point of distinction, or at the end 
of a line in poetry. They are nevertheless acutitons 
whose grave accent falls on the last syllable. 

4. Monosyllables not contracted have the acute accent; 
as, X$-aif. Monosyllable verbs, if carried out, are every 
where circumflexed, with the exception of the second 
person of the present indicative of the verb pjfe. Some 
particular words have a circumflex; as, Bovg, y%*vg, Sec. 

5. In contraction, a word, on account of an acute or a 
grave accent being understood after it, becomes cir- 
cumflexed; as, tu%zm, ruyfiv. 

The accusative singular of words formed like *t%a 
are acuted, except alda, qa. The nominative, accusa- 
sative, and vocative dual of holopathous words in a and 
a are acute, as, y^dat, f&vet} vw, m\ So also vat, va.* 

Antepenults from vUg that in composition are acuted, 
bring back their accent on the pttiult; as, swoog, tvvovg, 
zwUv) zwov, and a few in and i^g; as, crvinOwv> cvnQav. 

6. The accent remains on the same syllable, in the 
nominative and oblique cases however varied; as, Aoyog, 

EXCEPTIONS. 

The kind of accent is changed in the following ways. 

1. The acute is turned into a circumflex in the penult 
of increasing nouns, as often as the second rule obtains, 
as, S^tj}^, <rmvi£t>$. 

Oxyton nouns of the first and second declension, cir- 
cumflect the last syllable of the genitive and dative 
through all the numbers; as, Kg<r&$ 

* If the accent be before the syllable to be contracted, it re- 
tains its place when the contraction is made; as, Avftoo-S-mog, 

f&or&lvovq J /30«e, post. 



87 



BtUy -oy, -a, -oiv, -av, -of(. The same rule applies to ar- 
ticles and oxyton pronouns. Oxytons in -gy? circumflex 
the vocative singular in tv, when in a and they cir- 
cumflex in -o7; as, fieto-itev, *z%ot- 

2. A circumflex is changed into an acute, the sylla- 
ble upon which it ought to fall being made short, or an 
antepenult being created; as, e Hg*»A?$, -£W sf 5 , &• rapx* 

3. The place of the accent is changed by the first 
rule; as, 2£p», crapalw iTty^x^cty tTFiytdftpcflo? vvirlw, 

In short, through all the irregularities of nouns and 
verbs, the accent is at onetime carried forward, and ai 
another removed backward. 



NOUNS 

THE ACCENT CARRIED FORWARD, 

Acuted antepenults in -go§, circumflex the cases that 
are contracted; as, X%v<ri6$, #gt>c£?j xgvr'm, #fv<r?, xflnov, 

Monosyllable nouns of the third declension place an 
acute accent on the last syllable of the genitive and da- 
tive singular and the dative plural; as, Xs/g, -g/, #ggr/. 
And £ Jg in composition; but we read ovS'tri, pid'tri. 

Words formed by contraction often circumflex the 
penult; as, 

The genitive and dative dual and genitive plural are 
circumflexed on the last syllable; as, %n?fiv, 

Such words as have an accent on the penult of the 
genitive singular or are circumflexed in the nomina- 
tive not. having v before <r, acute the penult of the ge- 
nitive plural; as, A#§<yv, xgdrw: to these add Sec. 

Participles follow a general rule; as, BivTcg, 
tm 9 &c. So the pronoun dug, h7vo? and 7r«? in the da- 
tive plural TrZrt. 

Tig, some one, through all the cases is acuted on the 
last syllable, except rtvolfy rtvavi but rig, who? (interroga- 
tive) every where, on the penult; as, r/s, ring, rm 9 &c. 

Afl'^y, and yiw in every case, having a metathesis, fol- 



low the accent of monosyllables; as, Atvfa, yovn? so 
also kvuiv, and nouns in -a^ -egos, in cases undergo- 
ing a syncope; as, kvwv, xwo$, QvyXTvig, -s^o?, -^os, &c. but 
nouns in -e%og, acute the penult of the dative plural 
in a<ri. In others they vary a little. Of these an example 
may serve for a rule. 

Sing. N. S-vyalvg, G. S-yyalsgos, S-vye&lfaj D. S-vy6tl'z£i) 0v~ 

yeblpi) A. &vyotTtgci) &vya1(>c&i V. S-vyatiig. 

Dual. N.A.V. Svycclzfr S-vyalzz, G. D. B-vyetiigciH&vy*- 
lgo7v. 

Plural. N. Svyofliges, S-vyotlgH, G. B-vyacl^m, S-vycfl^aV) D* 
Svyargew, A. $-vyxTigcc$, S-vyetrgxf, V. ^vyotli^iq, $-vyoi\%i$* 

Nouns of the first declension of the simples circum- 
flex the last syllable of the genitive plural; as, k^itm, 
pov<7&v. Baryton feminines of adjectives, pronouns, and 
participles follow the general rule; as, uXXq, 

9/ Uf, one, and pU with their compounds circumflex 
the last syllable of the genitive and dative; as, 9 iQ 

THE ACCENT DRAWN BAGS. 

Adjectives in -m and -jj?, whose penult is acuted, in 
the neuter gender, throw back the accent; as, fit)Cli»v } 
fiztfior 6&vrcc£itv}$, avTiCgKYig. So also eXM%ticty Xiytta, 

The vocative of hyperdissyllable nouns in -ov $ -ous, and 
raw* acute the antepenult; as, *Ayd[Aipvm. But compo- 
sites from <p%hv retain their accent; as^St dxitpgov. In like 
manner substantives in -v$ of the first declension of the 
contracts; as, 7 & A^crS-fi^. So also uKdrtnrot, 3go-woT<«, Iv- 

A word compounded with an enclitic takes the same 
tone which it possessed primitively, the grave being 
turned into an acute; as, *>Wg£, krtvor so pin, kit. 

VERBS. 

THE ACCENT CARRIED FORWARD. 

The indicative mood circumflexes the last syllable of 
the second future of the active voice, and the penult of 



89 



the middle; as, vvira, rvirovput; together with the pe» 
nult of the third person plural of the present of verbs in 
*pr, as, Ti9et<rt. 

The imperative circumflects the last syllable of the 
second indefinite middle; as, rvvov. 'Errs, g*S-s, lyge, are 
particular exceptions. Three imperatives acute the 
penult, yivov, T%c&7rov) bbyxov. 

The subjunctive circumflexes the last syllable in all 
the indefinites passive, and in the present and second 
indefinite active of verbs in as, TvpS-a, two* r&a, 
But the penult receives the circumflex in the perfect 
passive of the contracts and the present and perfect pas- 
sive of verbs in pi-, as, ire?roi2>pxt) nQapcct, TiQapui. 

The infinitive in ~mt accents the penult; as, lirvtphai. 
The infinitive of other verts circumflects the last sylla- 
ble of the indefinite and second future active; as, rvwiTv. 
It accents the penult of the second indefinite middle; 
as, rvirivQeti, but removes entirely the accent on the 
penult of the first indefinite active and of the perfect 
passive; as, rvtyeth TtrvtyQctt* 

THE ACCENT DRAWN BACK. 

The imperative of the second indefinite middle, as al- 
so all the finite tenses in -pw vary the place of the ac- 
cent, by the rule of the quantity of the last syllable; as, 
Twov, TVTrtcrd-? Tvirlolpw, rvifloic* but in the optative, the 
perfect passive, and the second future of the middle, the 
present also and the perfect of verbs in (with the ex- 
ception of deponents, which are regular; as, iweu'pw* 

Sec.) preserve their accent upon the same syllable; 
as, fivZoipW) -40* Ifxtftwi WotiftviVy ~efio. 

Special Rules of the Accent of Nouns in the Nominative o 

In the first declension the following are for the most 
part oxytons: 

Demonstratives in -rusj as, 'a^v*?*'?. 

Verbal hyperdissyllables in -t«js, g, and not pre- 
ceding; aS, 7T0JJ}T>JS. 

Feminines, 

1, In such as verbals in g* pure; as, Hyper* 
12 



90 



dissyllable appellatives in -*>j« and -mi*-, and not a few 

particular words; as, IUft/g<*, &c. 

2. In ->n such as verbals retaining the characteristic 
of the tense; as, T^ctpp*. Verbals also in as, nxr i( r- 

/K0yjj;-and participles in -^gy^ as, Ag|«^gy>j. So also finites 
in— y«,.-3«, and hyperdissyllables in -<y»ij, 

-&>tA, as, 'Ogyi, #0gStf, aracyo-^Aij, ukwkk, &c. femi- 
nities in and -jj from oxytons in -0$ preserve their ac- 
cent; as, 0gfltj u$e X(po$i #SgA^ij. 

In the second Declension, there are many oxytons in 
-of. Such, for instance, ending in -ecog, **vo$, -MS) -vib$* 
-yyos, -uyac) -(r<?6g: as, 'Ayhxog, uyvotvog, 8cc. Such also are 
substantives in -^e$, an snot preceding; as, Ai^osj verbal 
substantives in -70s and as, xtirfos, tccl^og. Adjec- 

tives too in 160$, vo$, irlq, rc$; as, Asvxog, ayv$si ftuXwrbs) 
Xs7T7og. Some in -A*5, if an i or « have not preceded; as, 
Kaho$s a few in -pw, as, ©tguog, 0^0$, &c. and many in 
-^0$5 primitives, pronouns, and comparatives in -sg*f 
not included, except iefai h^m^og, kyftfa. 

Hypei dissyllables, as well substantives as adjectives 
in -aXog, -avog, -&7rog* -so£og} as, HuxnaXog-) npuagrg, &C. 

Derivatives in -0?, from the perfect middle, if they 
signify actively, are accented; as, Togo's, a cutter. 

Oxytori genitives, when they become nominatives, 
retain an accent; as; Ap£$ from rS dpaig* 

Comfiounds tn are oxytons. 

All those in as, 'Ag;s*7S*T0y/jt0$ t a chief architect. 

Compounds too from ayna. uXyo$, or «Ayga>, u l uu£w, i^y^y 
and others; as, Zwuyog, irchaxybg. ervn^yog, Sec. Verbals in 
*T0$ derived from compounds; as. \vxoywo$\ Many parti- 
cular words; as, umxrog, 8cc and especially those which 
are compounded with a preposition; as, «/j>6* 9 -€*/yar, 

^67gg#, s#a>, 761110, as, gV#/y 7-0$. Substantives also 
compounded in ^05- as, *vxZoc$-po$: Many ending in -aw* 
and -70y are oxytons; as, l^^o'y, Qvrov; the names of 
herbs and fruits excepted. 

Nouns ending in -/a©$, -ttntof, -6A05, accent the 

penult; as, l^yi\t% % nxA<rx<>$, &c. as also verbals m -Ttog- 3 
as, n^axrioq, and some particular words; as, Rxtfiw* 

Compounds fro n**vrm* o-ceg, **.oo$, acute the >enult; 
as, immn, *vhfo$> &c. Many also, compounded with the 



91 



present active of a circumflex verb and all from 
as, ovBtgoiroXos. See also poyiXahK, &c. 

Words compounded from a noun and the preterite 
middle, if they signify actively, are acuted on the penult, 
but, if passively, on the antepenult; as, TuXier**^, seeing 
afar off, TjiAg<r*o5ros, seen afar off; but those compounded 
from the preterite middle of the verb %%# 9 acute the 
antepenult; as, r^o^es, encompassing the earth; and 
most of those compounded from Sgs^w, pu%ouott, npo 9 in 
either voice are usually acuted on the penult. 

Substantives of three syllables in -<av from oxyton 
nominatives or from dissyllables of other cases acute 
the penult; as, Srg&Mv, irutStov. 

Words for the most part terminating in -otidg, -utg (de- 
rived from oxytons) -o<o$, -a/ov, -em^ -uov, as also 
substantives in circumflect the penult; as, r^iTu7og 9 
yfXoTe?, l%t*ot 9 &c. 

Other words not comprehended under these special 
rules, follow the general one; as do also all con) pounds, 
which end in a short syllable, although originated from 
oxytons or paroxytons; as, vot^frotxtXog^ QtXooroQcg. 

Some words in -©$ compounded with Svg and sv, 
(with about eight exceptions) have the accent on the 
first prefixed syllable; as, ivdyayos, dvrdyayos, &c. 

All Attics from words in -as pure, preserve the tone 
of their original; as, Atm from Wo$: by acuting also the 
antepenult, notwithstanding the last syllable be long; 

Nouns in -xv, or -7v«s" -«e ? , -eticg 9 in -ijy, -svg 9 
-rvt, and -a are oxytons; as, rtrxv, ux.rtv 9 or uxrts, x<*p,7rxg, 
hiy/a, &C. also lyco. 

Feminines too in— /$, The feminines in -rig ex- 
cepted, which follow their masculines in -t»j?. 

Adjectives in -g«s, and in -v$ accent the last sylla- 
ble, as, uXyfw, o%vs. But hyperdissyllables in -fyng, 
-&>hg< and from oAAv^/, with a few others fol- 
low the general rule. 

Derivatives in -av from the second indefinite or per- 
fect middle; locals and the names of months ending in 
-ihuv or verbals in -tpm; hyperdissyllables in 

~&&>vy -vwy vpav, with many other nouns in av are oxy- 
tons; aSj ST#y#y, wptyWy iytft&i, ciywy &C. 



92 

Words compounded with the verbal monosyllable of 
the second person passive," and ending in s, in |, or in -v^, 
if a preposition terminated with a vowel be prefixed, 
together with compounds from %t$ accent the final syl- 
lable; as, srgaSAJs, KeiT6t7r^ y./ifoi's. 

IN ALL DECLENSIONS. 

Nouns which appear to come from words the penult 
of which is acuted, and to have undergone contraction, 
circumflect the last syllable; as do also diminutives in 
<=£s and «$j as, Zijv£$, Atovvs. 

Compounds from simple oxytons ending with a long 
syllable, provided they are not monosyllables, their 
termination being preserved, preserve also their final 

accent; as, s $agi, uvx^o^a-, fiec<rttev$, ftt<ro£cto , tXvs$. 

Words not originally Greek, for the most part fol- 
low their native accent; as, 'ASg***^, ntXxros. 

Many nouns are marked with various accents; while 
others are altogether invariable; as,*ygo7*«$, kygotKo?^^ 
husbandman. 

Very frequently the same noun is clothed with a dif- 
ferent accent on account of its different signification, 
quantity, declension, or origin; as, fixrtXuct, 2l kingdom, 
/Sac-Mg;flf, a queen: S^Sexasr^, -go$j 26>§gx#grus, A few 
taken indefinitely accent the last, and when taken inter- 
rogatively, the last but one; as, srac-as, nicm 7ro7o$* 
So the adverbs sr*Tg, sometimes, srcrg, when. 

The same noun used as an appellative, accents the 
last syllable, and as a proper noun, oftentimes the pre- 
ceding; as, Tvgfls, a cheese^ T£go$, Tyre. So the adjec- 
tive accents the last, the substantive the penult; as, 
etl&bf, glowing, ctJQog, ardour. In short nominatives from 
oblique cases are almost innumerable. 

THE ACCENTS OF VERBS. 

The irregular verbs of the present of the simples are 
only in Qqp), and it becomes. (Add too, tjhe 
imperfect !#g?v.) 

In compounds the present of the indicative and the 
imperative through all the tenses follow the general 
rules. The other tenses of the indicative and all the 
other moods retain the accent of the simples. 



93 



EXCEPT 

1. Some, though in the present, do not vary from the 
simples; a few, moreover, that are taken from the un- 
used dissyllables 3y^/, xlZut, cQn/^t, *%A$j^/. The circum- 
flex of the person of monosyllable is preserved in com- 
position; as, 'Ats/V. 

2. Some compounds, not in the present, the accent of 
the simples being rejected, follow the general rules: 
such as those which increase in the beginning; as^Et/Sop, 
Ixafovdot; but when the augment is cast away, the cir- 
cumflex of the simples return; as, tKotQyro, kh&yvtq. Those 
too, which retain the final vowel of the preposition; as, 
*Yirou%ov: except the preposition ttsq} and So also 
words compounded from <r%a and crircca. 

The imperative of the second indefinite, whose sim« 
pie is a monosyllable, if compounded with a preposi- 
tion of two syllables, acut-e&the penult; as,«7ro3d^ «?ro0a. 

THE ACCENTS OF PARTICIPLES 

Are regular, with the following exceptions. 

Participles in -s<$ -vg, those in of verbs in 
pi, and in -#w of the second indefinite, acute the last syl- 
lable; aS, TvQfohj TlTvQaS) &Vyvv$) <V«*£, TtflWfe 

The participle of the perfect passive always acutes 
the penult, although the final be short; as, nrvppin^ 

THE ACCENTS OF ADVERBS. 

Words ending in -v, -s/, -t/?, -roj, 

areoxytons; as, i^, avTuc^v, %*,p<x,U ecu, &c. So are deriva- 
tives in -/,-t<, -7t y -Tijr, and from -Se*; as, 'F*/k&<V/j 
cr^s?*, Sec. with about fourteen others. 

Those ending in and -3g*,* also J&yor 

-ids, -tyiv or acute the penult; such excepted as come 
from o<>£fl£, ciXXog, iravTof, Ikto$, and evSov. 

Compounds with the final particles wv, *nj, trot, 7rx< *ra 9 
?rsg, To/j as, Msi»T«#yi/i>: and with the initial particle 
and a few others, have the accent on the penult. 

Endings in -<£, -et>, 2, as, ir*f\uwi, &c. are 

circumflexed So are long monosyllables derived from 
an article, with a few others; as s NSv, &c. 

Derivatives in retain the accent of the genitives 
from which they come; as, irm£&sf wickedly, irwi^M) 
laboriously. 



Many words, when they are formed into adverbs, 
preserve their original accent; as, IvQvs, *pkhit> vrXqrtov, 
Some neuters are excepted. 

(1) In eg. All those from hog are regular; as, e%onre$* 
So also #A?j0gs, gW^Sf?. 

(2) In All derived from neuters in with an accent 
on the penult, s being cast away, draw back the accent; 
as, T<flC£#, from ru%zec. So <rQ<3%*, although from crtydhgog. 

Compounds have the tone of the posterior simples 
not enclitics; as, IttuVv, ovfa. Numerals in -t%ct and com- 
pounds from acvTty lyyvg, w<kXiv % Tro&h&h Trgocrfav, sired Ikuvoc^ 
are excepted; as, sWvr/, WggyfW, <kvei7rci?<w, &c. So Hyvv, 

The particles -yg, -|g, also,$*?, $g, o not preceding, 
remove not from its place the accent of the word to 
which they are affixed; as, ^gvro/ye, «0>jW£g, &c. Many 
also m -fa; as, oijexfa. But fa added to the adjectives, ro7og } 
riorog, acutes the penult; as, roiovfa, rorovfa; with the geni- 
tive or dative it i» circuniflexcd; as, -roixde, rofifa. But fa 
referring to place, follows the nature of an enclitic; as s 
A'fioarfa* 

Some particles added to the termination of nouns 
retain their own accent; the accent of the words pre- 
ceding them being rejected; as, <?V<c-a?v, cV<<t3j{, oirotordn- 
srflTJj, artvtvv, 8c c. 

A few are ditonic, or double accented; as, h or »l t 

TTQCOt Or 7T^Z)L 

Doubtfuls (chiefly penults) when shortened are acut- 
ed, when produced circumflected; as, xdrof, Iwj 
S-sv* To this rule pertain many verbal dissyllables; as, 
T Agg$, v A§g?, /3£6TeAd<yg, O Mars, Mars, thou homicide, &c. 

The orators commonly acute the penult of words of: 
this sort; as, (<rog. 

THE ACCENTS OF CONJUNCTIONS. 

The primitive conjunctions and such as are monosyl- 
lables, are accented, unless without a tone; as, nhwi 
So gVg/, >5s. One (^) is circumflexed. 

Compounds ending in -y#g, -2g, -Si, ph, are oxy- 
tons: as, iotyk^ vfa, Sec. but those ending in -fit, -oli, m% s 
-7ns, -nag acute the penult; as, U^otArt, folw, Sec. 

Other conjunctional particles scarcely ever remove 
the accent of the word to which they adhere. 



95 



THE ACCENT OF PREPOSITIONS. 

All prepositions affected by accent, have it on the 
last syllable: but dissyllables employed for verbs on the 
former. 

All dissyllables {um and excepted) placed after 
the case of substantives or of words used substantively, 
draw back the accent; as, 'E/gu'vjjs ?rgg<. Ilsg* is so used 
only among the orators. 

The accent of a preposition is lost, on the removal 
of the vowel oh which it ought to fall; as, lp 9 J9^£$, ex- 
cepting when the accent is drawn back; as, Aipav xsir % 

OF THE QUANTITY OF SYLLABLES. 
Diphthongs and u and a are long by nature;* f, *, are 
short by nature; v, doubtful. 

Positionf is the same as with the Latins. Thus a 
short syllable before a mute, a- liquid following, is ren- 
dered common. 

Vowels, by nature long, and diphthongs become 
common before the vowel of the succeeding word; as, 
'HfttTiga ht two* h Agys/, fracrgjtf, 
" From her native country far 
" In Argos, in my palace." 

THE QUANTITY OF DOUBTFUL VOWELS ON FORMER 
SYLLABLES. 

A, j, v, before vowels, are usually short, except 

(1) A, as a penult of nouns in -ccav, increasing by «, and 
of feminine proper names, in -#*s is long. 

(2) I, a penult of nouns in -im -oves is long as, Sg^/wj 
excepting comparatives which are for the most part 
short. Nouns in -i« have the penult sometimes com- 
mon, but more frequently short; as, 'Zetpix, 

A, t, v> before -pa in many neuters are long; as, kX/^cocj 
%vpec. A before /3, f, 3, $, », A, / tc, v, sr, g, <r,7, <f>, is com- 
monly short. I before S, y, J, 0, *, A, ^, v, <?, r, <p, is 
short. But dissyllables in and nouns in -/xaj, 
-/tjj? lengthen the penult; as, 2/vjj, except < be- 
fore or after g is usually long. 

* Those syllables are said to be short by nature in which there 
is the short vowel f, o, and those long by nature, which contain 
v or «, or have a contraction, a circumflex, or a diphthong. 

f Syllables are long by position, whose vowel comes before 
two consonants in the same or in different words, or before a 
double, consonant. 



96 



Y before £, 3, v t vr, g, t, # is shortened; before 
y> ^» *•« # is f° r the most part lengt ened.. 

Y is long on the penult of verbals before r (a few in 
-t/ro$ excepted) as, Avrhe- Sec. and in diss> llables in -t/Ajj, 
-wj3« -t>fo^, (except pvhvi. yvvh, TrXvvit) and in adverbs in 
-v%ov. 1 he doubtful syllable of a diphthong ciissoived or 
lessened is short: as, W*V, $vysrfrom ipg£y*>. 

The quantity of doubtfuls in the last syllable of the 
nominative continues commonly on the penult of- the 
others cases. 

The Increase of Nouns. 
Syllables long in the nominative, if declined fmre, are 
usually common in the oblique cases; as, Sgv ? , d^vot, vxv$, 
vaog 

A syllable doubtful before a double consonant in the 
last syllable of the nominative, is short in the other 
cases; as, <*va<*|, ccvXetntg; Srt»|, ?vyU' 3 but nouns in 
wya$, gentiles in and some others in -y| -vx,o$, 

lengthen the penult of the oblique cases. 

Yg, long in the nominative, is short in the other cases. 
The Increase of Verbs, 

The quantity of the penult remains in the present and 
imperfect tenses, through all the voices and moods; as, 
xg/w, sK%tvovi and in the cognate tenses; as, erwav, rvvra. 

The quantity of the indicative is preserved in like 
tenses of other moods and participles; as, xgivev, xgm, 
x£hot{6$ s Sec. 

The penult of the first indefinite is long in the fourth . 
conjugation; as, zx^tveev piya vitxos, they condemned the 
great tumult. 

But, in the third conjugation, the penult, both of the 
future and first indefinite are more commonly short; 
as, m (tv xccjcag $iKa<ryi$i if thou adjudgest wrong. 

In words, whose theme ends in cc pure, ot being the 
penult are g, or a vowel is common. I and v are more 
frequently long. 

The penult of the perfect active or middle is usually 
short; as, rhvQx, rtrvTrx. Unless the doubtful syllable of 
the theme of the three first conjugations being long or 
common by use retain its quantity; as, £sSg<0gp 
the vineyard was loaden. 

* From Theocritus, Tlvgvalus trupvxcuri xcckov /St'C^fov axwa, The 
vineyard was beautifully weighed down with red clusters. 



97 



The penult of the third person plural in -u<rt is long. 
The proper reduplication of verbs in tit (unless position 
hinder} is short: but the improper common; as uKXot 
%a%m xQtu, but he dismissed him with contempt. 

A. the characteristic of the first declension of verbs 
in pt is every where short, save in the subjunctive and 
the active participles. 

Y, the characteristic of verbs in pt, in the indicative 
singular of the active voice is long; in the rest, short. 
Dissyllables of the active voice make the v long; as, ia> 
V ct/uQa yeuuv I2£r>iv, these both passed to the shades. 

Derivatives usually retain the quantity of their primi- 
tives, and compounds of their simples. Except irecr> as, 
s-goVav yipctfy every day. 

THE QUANTITY ON FINAL SYLLABLES. 

If a doubtful be long in the last syllable of the nomi- 
native, it commonly remains so in the other cases. If 
short or common, it retains the quantity in the accusa- 
tive and vocative singular. 

Nouns which have two terminations are long in the 
nominative; as, *k?U and axriy, a radius. 

Those ending in ~ecv 9 in -i, in -v and -vs* 

are short; as, Tg«Vg£«, **, ctvr»f>, ^sA<, 7rctXtv, 5roA<?, <rv, /3ec- 
&vs* But the following are long: 

(1) Those in i. e. in and not pre- 
ceded by a diphthong; as, X*g«: and in -six, those ex- 
cepted which come from adjectives in -jj? and from fe- 
minines; as, aMhw from axvi&r.s, tinner So those in 
except verbals in -r$/#; all feminines from adjectives in 

except 2*#, woTvtcc, and ptcc; also duals in «; as, 

UiScrcc, 

(2) Those in -xv, of the masculine, and adverbs, ex- 
cept oTxv, when. 

(3) Monosyllables in and except 3*V, t/$. 

(4) Oxyton adverbs in -t<j but not those in -y/. 

(5) Nouns in -u -<yos ? vv -vvos* 

(6) Many acutiton feminine dissyllables in -i$ -t^ot, 
with the penult long; and hyperdissyllables, with the 
penult and antepenult short lengthen the last syllable; 
as, itAjjifv, Ki^cti^ so do all in -rior, as, cgng. 

Finally. Oxyton substantives which are declined by 



98 



*v*e Qx& v $> *<Pg y s> an( l excepted) and those ending 
in -etq and <r>g are long, with those two exceptions. 

1. Nouns imparisyllabic in declension not making 
the genitive in -etvroq, are short; as, Aapirciq. » 

2. Accusatives plural that are imparisyllabic and ad- 
verbs in -ccg are short; however is sometimes long* 

From the common form of speech, of which we have 
been treating, there is a twofold departure, by figures 
and by dialects, 

FIGURES OF WORDS. 

These may be learned from the Latin; they are nine 
in number, and are more commonly used in the follow- 
ing connexions. 

1. Prothesis (from a-gorfe^*, I place before) employs 
an g commonly in verbs; (and at the beginning) as, IsaIo- 
pw, liiTrct. A repetition of the first syllable or conso- 
nant, is called anadifilosis, from moiImXoco, I double. 

2. Afihceresis (from aQaioiay I take away) diminishes 
the beginning of a word; as, mtt for yettec} *s7voq for Uuvoq. 
When it takes away the reduplication of the perfect, it 
is called arsis, (from igvtq y a removal) as, lixficti for 

3. Eftentheds (from sw<, ev 9 and t/S-jjjiu, I place be- 
tween) is frequent among the poets and lonians. It in- 
troduces an i after g, and an v after as, %uvo^ vssrcq, for 

4. Syncofie (from o-vv'xoirv, a cutting out) strikes out 
some letter from the middle of a word; as, oTpcti for olo- 
ficci. It is most frequently used in genitives of the third 
declension, s, §, or t being destroyed; as, vcflelq for w«1g- 
g<3£, ny^ioq for riygidoq. 

5. Paragoge (from wa^dyu, 1 extend) adds frequently 
to verbs the syllable S-ct} as, vcS-x for h; and the syllable 
<pi or $iv to nouns; which are therefore undeclined; as, 
eiOirQt, pectus, -oris, -ora, See. 

6. Afiocofie (from airoxoTw, a cutting away) takes from 
the end of a word; as, %\i for gg/«v Nouns of the third 
declension through all the cases of the singular, are most 
affected by this figure; as, A5, A/#v, for Aaux, Atavrtq. 

TRANSPOSITION OF LETTERS. 

A metathesis, or transposition, (from rtB-r^ I arrange, 



99 



uiTu, otherwise) frequently occurs before or after a 
as, Karros for x£ocTp$i $d(>a>t,6v for gS«g*«y. So also yowo$ for 
yovvos. 

CHANGE OF LETTERS. 

An antithesis, or changing, (from r&npt, I introduce, 
&vTh in place of,) frequently supplies <r for & as, nopea for 
TFoppas and tt for c<r; as, 0#'a&7t# for Q&h&virx,* The chang- 
ing of a termination in dative cases is called a meta- 
plastic* or transformation; as, S#£S#<r< for 2aSS*r6/$, 

7FM$r'm for wc&e&lvto* 

A tmesis, or separation, ^from t^g-a;, I will cut) is 
much used by the poets, and almost by them alone: It 
divides a word; as, 9 AIIO x ph <p/A# upctrei 

" If I not strip thee to that hide of thine. 5 '— Cowfier* 

The synaltf/iha, a contraction or excision, (from e-w, 
with, and «Ao^, fatness; for the excision the synalsepha 
makes, is for the enriching and swelling of the adjoin- 
ing word,) is very much used by the poets. In the end 
of words, a vowel short by nature or use, and with the 
poets, »i diphthong are struck out before a vowel or a 
diphthong; as, W sp's, (for ssri zpL) The poets employ 01; 
omit the elision at pleasure; the orators more regularly 
attend to it in prepositions: with both of them wey and 
and with the orators, «^<p< is scarce ever varied. 

A thlifisis, or repression, (from 6xi5a, I suppress, and 
which is a mere synalaepha) is made by the elision of a 
vowel, either by apocope; as, T 9 ugyvyevy or by aphse re- 
sis; as, T' etpet. Kat) f, or u following, becomes x#: 0; 
or o following, it becomes 

A syn&resis^ or comprisal, (from vvmiyi, I draw into 
one) contracts two vowels into a diphthong, both being 
preserved; as, B-ot^iov for to luetriov. 

A crasisrf or mingling, (from x^ae-is, a mixture) is very 
much employed. It either changes or loses a voweh 

* Dr. Wettenhall has confined the metaplasm to the varying 
of the dative case. Other grammarians of eminence have em- 
ployedthe term metaplasm as a general name for the figures of 
-words, and describe it as fS adding, taking away, transposing, and 
changing letters." 

f The difference between a syndesis and a crasis appears to 
be this; the synzereis never varies the vowels, the crasis always 
Varies or loses. 



100 



When the t of a diphthong is lost from the body of a 
word, it is written under; as, lya^etg for \yh ojpct/. The 
breathing is preserved, marked over the word, or the 
mild is changed into an aspirate. It is removed fre- 
quently in t*w/. 

FIGURES OF SYNTAX. 

These, as with the Latins, are enallagc, ellipsis, and 
pleonasm. 

The enallage, (from hdxxxyvi, a mutation) is used, 

1. In number: Duals, with the poets, are united with 
plurals; as, xupirw ds pet JWo*, my horses were fatigued* 

2. In case: The vocative is put for the nominative; 
as, 9 Ev£vo*-c6 Zsvgy O thou far discerning Jupiter. 

3. In -mood; the infinitive is very frequently used in 
the place of the imperative; as, itXxtuv &h'KG>$, grow 
not rich by injustice. (See Romans xii. 15, and Luke 
jx. 3.) 

In nouns there is also an enallage of gender, some- 
times of both gender and number: in verbs there is 
frequently a change of tenses, voices and frequently of 
meaning. 

The ellipsis, a leaving out (from externa, I leave) is 
frequent in adjectives, or feminine articles, especially in 
the oblique cases; as, that is, <ig#$,and in others, 

as well neuters as masculines.The ellipsis of many words 
is frequent in proverbs, short sayings, and especially in 
theatrical dialogues; as, i rotv^ i^rtvus 9 this, or upon these. 

The pleonasm, or redundancy, (from vteovctty,! abound) 
is of the nature of a periphrasis, as when irudiq and v7eg 9 
are used with the genitive of a noun, for the noun itself; 
as, v7eg 3 A%oit6)v, sons of the Greeks, for Greeks; so also 
X$p&; as > ^sy# trvh, a great boar. 

With the poets a noun of quality, with the genitive of 
a person, or with an adjective proper, is used as a peri- 
phrasis of the person; as, "ft T v\ipd%tto, equal to Tele- 
machus. 

To these figures of syntax, add the figure of derang- 
ing: the hyper baton, (or as the Greek also term it, am- 
KixaBoi) by which the order of words is disturbed, the 
arrangement being unusual: as, j£ v(&k$ %vl#$ vacuus, and 
you being dead; *J ov]a$ vpxs n*£x$ trvvttyowoinrty even 
you being dead hath he quickenecL Ephesians iu L 5. 



101 



FIGURES OF PROSODY. 

The syndesis, or comprisal, called also a synecpho- . 
nesis, and a synizesis, striken out a short vowel before a 
long one; as, Qigig-iv iffiv^ctpwos, addressed to the gods: 
sometimes it removes a long vowel before a short one, 
or a long one before a long one, in the same and in dif- 
ferent words. It includes, as with the Latins, the diae- 
resis* and the cesura.j 

A systole, or contraction, (from crv&XXa, I contract) 
shortens a long syllable, and not unfrequently ai before 
a final consonant; as, u di %ev oUxV Ytc^^xt (piM? hweflffi* 
yaiotv. IA. 1* 414. 

"If I return 
" To my beloved country, I renounce 
" The illustrious meed of glory." Covuper. 
A diastole, or dilatation, (from 3/«?sAA«, I enlarge) 
called also an ectasis, lengthens a short syllable; more 
frequently before a liquid or an aspirate, whether a con- 
sonant or a vowel; as, Msaos aiiha, I sing a song; ,J ldov 
xUxtv $Qtv, I saw a variegated serpent. 

The antipode, (from Mt and ?*■»$) is that in which foot 
is placed for foot, as when a spondee is introduced in 
the fifth foot of an hexameter; as, 

IA. y. 179. 

u In arms heroic, gracious on the throne. 5 ' Cowfier. 
Such a line is called a spondaic line. 

Brachycatalexis or Acatalexis is when a sylllable or 
foot is wanting to complete the verse; the hypercatalexis 
©r hypermetre is when 'a syllable or foot is redundant. 

Dialysis (from S;aAy<r;5 a dividing) is when a word is 
so placed at the end of a verse, that one part of it is in 
a preceding, and the other in the subsequent line* 

pog dtci fM<r<ra). Sappho, Ode 10th. 

Passing frequently from heaven,through the midway air. 

* Diaeresis converts a word of one syllable into two, usually by 
resolving the vowels which compose it; as, jra/c for Ttcdq, a boy. 

f The cesura employs a syllable at the end of a word, when 
the preceding foot is finished, for the beginning of the ensuing. 
The syllable, by nature short, is by this figure made long; >s, ol 
& fAtyx, t*x°vTiS but crying out aloud. 

K 2 



103 



OF DIALECTS. 

Dialect is a form of speaking,* differing from com* 
mon use, and peculiar to certain people or provinces. 

Four dialects are commonly enumerated. The Attic, 
the Ionic, the Doric, and the JEolic, to which some add 
the Boeotic. The poets mingle, and even shape dialects 
at will. 

The variations of dialect have relation to the differ] 
ent parts of grammar. 

IN ORTHOGRAPHY. 

The Mtics^ (that we may omit less frequent varia- 
tions) for a second g often write a <rj as, floras for 3-#g- 
gaq. Instead of the <r in <rvf, and in the words compound- 
ed with it, they write f. For <r in the middle of a word, 
they not unfrequently introduce as/'lS^gv. The Do- 
rians do the same. For trr they write rl, as, S-uXmtIoc, and 
for g*, j?. They are fond of the omega, and greatly delight 
in contractions, and in the mingling even of different work's. 

The Ionians,\ for e in the penult, frequently put w 3 as, 
M'tfxhs, rdpvu. For in the interrogatives and reddi- 
tives, they supply %i as, xi<ra for woWj and for & as, 

# Dr. Milner observes, that w to give the young soholar a con- 
ception of dialect, it is usual to compare it with some peculiari- 
ties of expression in several counties of England. Thus in some 
western counties, u is pronounced like i; as, jidgment for judg- 
ment; /like v; as, vor instead of for; and s like z; as zed for said." 
But Rollin well observes, that these dialects were not provincial 

** argons, but perfect languages, possessing their own rules and 
leauties. Whenever the first Greek writers, as is frequently the 
fase, mingle the dialects together, there is always one, like a 
Penthesilea, more prominent than the rest 

f The Athenians, and such as resided in Attica, used this 
dialect. The orators, historians, &c who most employ it are Iso- 
crates, iEschines, Demosthenes, Xenophon, Aristophanes, Thu« 
cydides, Plato, and Lucian. Among the modern writers $ Philos- 
tratus, Basil, and indeed most of the fathers, it is esteemed the 
finest dialect of them all. 

* The Ionic dialect was used by the Athenian colonies in Asia 
and the islands. Hippocrates and Herodotus are the writers who 
chiefly introduce it. It is frequently seen in Theognis, Hesiod, 
and Homer. Indeed the last of these poets, whether from his 
having been conversant with the whole of Greece, or from the 
TcmUHty of his genius, frequently usee all the dialects. 



103 



l<|i for h<r<rcc. They assume t after s, and a after a, and 
delight in the metathesis; as, but especially in 

the resolution of diphthongs and circumflexed vowels; 
as, %,Xw<r6evTz$, for xAs*c-06vTg$: -vJ/aAsft* for i^Aa'. The Ionians 
avoid contractions, and very much use the eta. 

The Dorics* almost every where write « for uj as, 
"Axiov for c HA*d#, and often for g and a- 3 as, «rfgas, tt^toj, 
for zTegog, 7tp6)tos. They, by turns, introduce jj for u } as, 
xiiya, B-d^uct, for xocy*), B-ix/u,ct: x tor t- } as, sroxat, for 
arors, Jti, and on the contrary, t for k- 3 as, T>j>os for xsivoj, 
and T)jy* for ixst. They employ > for Aj as, ij^e for Ja^ 5 a- 
for 3-; as, <rfov for S-gav; <rJ tor ^ as, n*i<rhi» for aroe/^vj « 
for oi or ovj as, tt^jj^ *#§o$. Sometimes <yy for »v 3 - as, 
IfAuvTWi and gvfor ov almost always. The favourite vowel 
of the Dorics is alpha. 

The JEolians\ (like the Dorics) write * for »j and * 5 
as, *T<rot, for dV<r#; and g for # 3 as, tfsgc-es for $-ct%rc$: for 3, 
they use as, tfo&KXXw. O and # are used for each 
other; as,^oids, sgd*, for opotog, sgw. for ^, ar; as, oV^t* 
for oupxTUy and as some say, the contrary. Diphthongs, 
the * being struck out, double the following consonant: 
as, x^h^ *W> f° r % u &^ e'w** 

IN ETYMOLOGY. 

The dual number is entirely excluded by the iEolics. 

For the prepositive articles ci and ai, the Dorics use 
to} and rut. For a, the Attics use onv, the Dorics ona, 
the Ionics or$o and ottu. The poets for 5 use otqk The 
Attics for £v, aiV, write with the Ionics Wim, Wiquti. 
Other variations of the articles may be known from the 
analogy of their declension. 

9 

* The Doric was chiefly confined to the Argives and Lacede- 
monians. It spread through Sicily, Epirus, Cyprus and Libya, 
It is chiefly used by Archimedes, Pythagoras, and Timseus : 
among the poets, by Theocritus, Pindar, Moschus and Bion. It 
sometimes appears in the tragedies of Sophocles. 

f The JEolic (deriving- its name from the J£olian3, a colony 
which settled in Asia, who used the dialect) was in use also 
among the Lesbians and IJoeotians. Sappho and Alcaeus are the 
chief writers who adopt it. In the books of the New Testament^ 
examples of most of the dialects may be discovered. 

Strabo is of opinion, that the dialects are reducible to two; the 
Doric and Ionic; with the former the iEolic, and with the latter 
the Attic very much corresponds^ 



10* 



In the first declension of nouns, for u the Ionians 
employ q. For jj the Dorians and ^Eolians use dc. For ov 
the Ionians write a a, the Dorians a, the iEolians iv y the 
Boeotians ao, and the poets For av and jjv, masculines, 
the Ionians introduce ex. For m the Ionians use g#f, the 
Dorians c&y, the Cohans and Boeotians am. For ^ 
and *jcr< is written by the Ionics, and cx.lt f by the Dorics. 
For as masculine, the Ionians write and for *$ plu- 
ral feminine, the ^Eolians use at?. 

In the second declension, for ov the Ionians read oto and 
the Dorians ea. Instead of otv 9 the poets use o'uv, while 
for oi$ the Ionics employ ot(n, and the Dorics as and og. 
For ov$ the Dorics use as, and the ^Eolics In place 
of the Attic genitive and dative a } q>. the poets say, m* 
t&o. In nouns of a mixed form, for oot the Attics use 
the iEolics m, and the Ionians ovv. 

In the third declension, for ov, the poets have vas, and 
for <r< the iEolics have roi$ (the penult ov or <?< being 
turned into their original ov or t») as, yggoyro/s for yggs<r*. 

In the first declension of the contracts, for e# in the ac- 
cusative singular, the Attics use *jv. 

In the second of the contracts, for the penult t 3 in the 
oblique cases, the Ionians use s, the poets for the pe- 
nult *, in nouns in ev$ or 05, the Ionians employ the 
iSolians g*, and the Boeotians *. The Attics and the 
poets contract ss$, ias into 55?. In penults of the holopa- 
thon form of the Ionians place e for ^ as, »=ge#. 

The adjectives of two terminations are declined by 
the Attics as having three. 

In primitive pronouns, for iy#, zyayt, the Attics write 
lydv, eydvy, lymyx; the Dorians lym- 3 the -/Eoliansw#y#, 
and the Boeotians Imyot. In the dual, the Dorians and 
iEolians have appz. In the plural, the Dorians write 
£^es and #^s$, apm, See. and the i£olians apps$, uppm. 
and eiftpwv, appw, and For vv the Dorians use tv, 

rvyx, rvvn) and in oblique cases, rgw, t<j/, ts. In the dual 
they have S^s, and in the plural t^sc, vpftw, tippets* 
The Cohans use i'^e in the dual, audits* in the ac- 
cusative plural. But it must be observed that the ter- 
mination ov of the genitive singular of all the primitives 
is changed by the Ionians into go and oic, by the poets 
into no, and by the Attics into ec&ev and sS-sv. 



105 



Instead of!', the Ionians use IV, and for^/v, the Dorians 
use vhi but pi v, with the poets, (who for the most part 
employ tpiv and t/v in the singular) is declinable, and 
used through all the oblique cases, and in all numbers. 
For crQZs the Dorians have <r<pl and and for <rd$, t«'o$. 
The poets for og write lo?. The Dorians from plural no- 
minatives peculiar to themselves, form the new pos- 
sessives kt*o$ and ^e?. So also crpog. The Ionians into 
5tos and#vTo§, and words compounded with them, intro- 
duce an t before long vowels or diphthongs; (the norni- 
native plural, and, as some say, the dual number ex- 
cepted) as, T6vrh t iuavTix, Sec. The Attics add * to de- 
note a thing present; as, stog-/, t$vt/, t#vt/; so in ad- 
verbs, as, vwf, but this appended < is always acuted. 

In verbs, the dialectic variations relate to the aug~ 
merits, middle letters, or terminations. 

The augments (1) are changed; the syllabic into the 
temporal, and with the Attics, the immutable u and i%> 
into rt and »jv,- as, qpiWov for speXXov: In place of a redu- 
plication Ae and ^g, in some cases the Attics add w, as* 

(2) They are multifilied. The poets prefix % to the 
tenses; as and sometimes to nouns, if the 
measure of the verse need it; as, u<re>s. The Attics do 
the same in tenses beginning with a- 3 as, w^&v. In verbs 
beginning with e 9 «, they double the first two letters; 
as, i^txet. If the word exceed three syllables, the third 
is removed; as, IxfavOa for IxixtuQu. The Ionics in each, 
aorist use the reduplication through all the moods; as, 
TSTtnJ-** xiKct/tcov. This is sometimes extended to the se- 
cond future, as, nrctya. 

(3) They are diminished by the Ionians, as, rgw^g, «As- 
xojrTd. Sometimes both reduplication and augment are 
removed; as, /SAjJto for ISsSajjto. 

Middle letters are varied. Future polysyllables in /<r&? 
are changed by the Attics into as, «0<yg/#, (in the 
middle voice -xpott ) and by the Dorics into /|#, as, 

The Attics also from some first indefinites lose t, and ? 
when v is servile, v, as, t%ev<rx t z%wtc, s###. 

The iEolians render the future go* by pa of the bary- 
tons, as, o^a, "ipa. In pluperfect actives, the Attics shor- 
ten the penult of the third person plural, as, hirv$tT*h 



106 



The Boeotians shorten others, as, hzrt>$epgv. The poets 
change the penult of the first person plural of the 
subjunctive active into o- as, iwro^sv for iwrA^esv. In 
the penult -ovs of feminine participles, the Dorics usie 
6t$t as, TFotQtHcrx* 7\i7r6i<rto$ and in others; as, virciKotvos. 

The Attics divest some preterite passives in <?p*t of 
their <r; as, xivMipott, whence Ki%Mipkyt>$; on the contrary 
from verbs in w they form perfects in a-pcti; as, (Aiplxv- 
<rpai> The poets in the first indefinite passive resume ^ 
as, zKxivQv). 

In terminations , there is a wonderful variety. 

In the active voice. To the second person singular 
of some verbs in the indicative, the Attics add 3w; as, 
o7<3-«. This is done by the jEolians in the subjunctive; 
as, TV7TTii<r6x* The Dorians express their first persons 
plural ending in y by c- (so *<ss, for any y pw, and s 
sometimes for a final v) and their third persons plural 
in c-i by yn; as, invokes, ruglvrt, nrvQccvrt, (with the Boeo- 
tians tstvP**) which also obtains in verbs in pt 5 as, Ucci\i 9 
Tfoivth and in futures; as, WSyri; ivn is used both for 
s?* and g/<r;. 

The Ionians express the singular and third person 
plural of the imperfect and second indefinite by irjtcv, 
srzzg, ewe, the augment being for the most part reject- 
ed: as, x^vTrre-xov, -g?, -g. So also in the first indefinite, 
Twtyavitn* The Boeotians terminate the third person 
plural of the tenses in a-av^ as, iru7rro7ot,v^ IrvtyavoiV) brwr6- 
<roc? 9 The pluperfect (though rarely) the Ionians and 
Boeotians express by g#, eg. 

In the imperative; the Attics for the third person 
plural of the present and of each indefinite employ the 
genitive plural of participles, as, rvirrlvrm, tv^/dyruv, 
ivKovray, instead of TViriircos-ecv, Twrerarxv, Tvtf/otTarcty. For 
the termination g of the second indefinite the Dorics 
use ay; as, uirh for uiru 

In the optative. The iEolians express the singular 
and the third plural of the first aorist by e *a, s*e, uav- 
this termination is a favourite one with the Attics; as, 
Affff/#, -ffets, as, -uxv. In the subjunctive; under third 
persons singular ending in »j, the Ionians write an /> 
and insert a as, rvTrrn^t. 

The Ionians express some infinitives in uv and yon by 
Sjusv; the Attics and Dorics by Ipiwii zsyjixovspif, *x*v- 



*pimt>, li/asv and t\uivttt for xKavew, ntou. The diphthong is 
sometimes shortened, as» 6zptvcct>. dousvai from Ozlvctt, $%vxu 
For uv the Dorics read w 5 as, ya^vn. The termination 
cog of the perfect passive the iEolics make *>v. 

In the passive voice (and also in the middle) the se- 
cond person singular of tenses in pat were anciently- 
written with <rxi; as, rvirrirxt, whence the Ionians by- 
suppressing <r make tv7ttucc, and in the subjunctive 
7/icci. For f&eJu the Dorians use t&i&ce, and the JEolians 
psh for p&iv. For §n<retv the Boeotians have 3-gy and qrctt 9 

6TX9y gy, otV, CV. 

In the perfect and pluperfect the Ionians form the 
third person plural from the third singular, by inserting 
a before rat or to: as, I^a^t*/,- the tenuis, if any pre- 
cede, being turned into an aspirate, and cinto the cha- 
racteristic of the second indefinite, as, rtrvQxrui) wgpg*- 
^arcci from tstv^t^/, tt^^xi: if a, long vowel or diph- 
thong precede, it is shortened, as, nety ohoci xt, T&ioiTctu 
This, however, the poets observe or omit as the mea- 
sure of the verse may require. 

The poets follow the Ionians in forming the third 
person plural in all the tenses of the indicative and es- 
pecially of the optative: but in the optative they do not 
shorten a long syllable,, as, TV7TTotc&7o. In the imperative, 
the Attics contract the third person plural in <&ao-ccv in 
as, kWggc&a/v, They also form the third person 
plural from the third singular, by adding v. 

In the subjunctive, the circumflexed vowels of each 
of the aorists are resolved; the poets introduce an <, and 
draw back the accent, as for <p*sv<y, the Ionics (pana y the 
poets <pxve/<»i whence also <p«?j$#, ->jjjs, -«« with the poets. 

In the middle voice the Dorics terminate the first 
future of each conjugation in Spoti and ffy^ as, xurx- 

In the first of the contracts: the Dorians contract aa 
into as; o^Hg- which also the Attics imitate in , nuva, 
SnJ/#, xeapoct. The jEolians subscribe an as, yeA«7$, yg-, x 
A«s$. The poets before a, of the contracts introduce an 
a$ as, ripux&otti before if a short syllable precede, 0j 
if a long one, a- as, Tnjlaw, e^m 9 Qooao-x. 

In the second of the contracts. The Ionians resolve u 
contracted frequently into ix- 3 as, 7rorta<&*t, The Dorians 



108 



contract (and uov of the first) into as, KxteZrd, 

Ti e Attics and iEolians in the second and third con- 
jugation turn of the optative contract into w, as, noi- 
ot'nv, %£vffoiw. This the Dorics imitate in all the conju- 
gations, the penult o« being turned into &>, as, Zww, vo t - 
aWj %%vrtoM'> -£>M, -&% -at)T6V) Sec. This form in the first 
conjugation is used by the Attics. 

The ^Eolics express the infinitive by <r, drawing back 
the accent; as, y'zXcct^ (p^ont^: s of the third being turned 
into ot, as, Scots' The rest of the contracts may be learn- 
ed from the analogy of the barytons. 

In verbs in pi the Boeotians write the reduplication 
by *> as, jifypi- The poets, even in words commencing 
with a vowel, add a reduplication peculiar to them- 
selves; as;£/<eA)ijM*, oiiwpti. The iEolians render >j, when 
a penult derived from g, into s doubling ^, as, rt$*pfuy 
(so et*pi); but the Boeotians in s/, as, vvQikapu 

The third person singular of the present indicative 
with the Dorics ends in r#, as, <Wt/, rj$qrt 9 iiian. With 
the lonians the third person plural in the second and 
third of the contracts, end in and oW*, as, rtfrivcrty 

The poets decline the optative of the first by 
tin, &c. and (together with the Attics) the optative of 
the third by w> aw, &c. The rest may be learned from 
analogy. 

In adverbs the dialectic variations arising from ar- 
ticles may be collected from what has been said re- 
specting them. 

The Attics change the final particle Tz into 3/ and 
The poets, in the penults of adverbs which end in $?v 
or 3s, insert, a c, as, ov%avo<&u They variously increase 
many: as, i^flss -t/jj: others they diminish; as, r/'wrg for 
Tin-on, They take away as or a » final at will, as, yfiih 
5fcr<e9-g. The iEolians terminate adverbs in B-e* with an *- 3 

aS, UTi^Ct. 

There are fewer variations in conjunctions. The Do- 
rics employ etix.» for guts* The?^ and-n^os or when and 
then of the Dorians is very much used among the poets. 

In short, most of the indeclinables, whether adverbs, 
conjunctions, or seeming prepositions, are the peculiar 
words of certain provinces of poetic invention. 



10§ 



IN SYNTAX. 

A nominative with an article is used by the Attic r 
for a vocative, and on the contrary, by both Attics and 
poets, a vocative for a nominative. 

An adjective masculine is employed for a common, 
and is made to agree with a feminine noun; as, icocpsoi 
yavjf, a beautiful woman. Masculine articles are fre- 
quently joined with dual feminines, as, ipz^x; and 
participles used for infinitive moods. 

They are fond of pleonasms. Prepositive articles are 
prefixed to adverbs to augment their signification; as, 
Td x&\au There are pleonasms of indefinite particles; 
such as, rig ocrtg, &c. as, ttoTos h rig. The verb qimt in 
Xenophon is often redundant. 

The Dorics employ dual verbs for plural; as, padovng 
3« AactJgd/, many learning; uk£*cc»t& yxpverov, the shores 
resounded. 

For the preposition ug, the Attics use co%; as, cog 
The rest may be acquired by use. 

IN PROSODY. 

1. As to breathings; in words compounded with pre- 
positions, which, under other circumstances, would be 
changed, the Ionians retain the mild breathing; kno^a. 

The iEolians for a rough use a smooth breathing; as, 
vXtog and sometimes their own dtyxppx,* which has the 
force of the consonant V. 

2. As to accents. The Attic cases have an accent on 
the antepenult, although the last syllable be long; as, 
stew, 'etptm. The same turn the circumflexes of geni- 
tives and datives, in a manner peculiar to themselves, 
into acute accents, as, &9«, xim^ Mag, for a&S, ham, Xao7g> 
The Attics vary the accent, hasps,. typos, opolog, &c. 

By the Dorians the penult of nominatives plural in 01, 
and feminines in eg, as also third persons plural of the 
aorists in *v and ov is acuted, as, M^tcos, *s/g&$, l^vvav, 

^ * The digamma, or double gamma, is seen in ancient inscrip- 
tions, like an inverted F (j); a figure formed by the inversion of 
two gammas, and their position one above the other. Thus Di 
for Divi. It was first used by the -iEolians, and hence by Dr a 
Wettenhall called " their own." Claudius C<esar added it to the 
Roman alphabet. 

L 



110 



Ix&w. Barytons are mostly, by them, circumiexed, as, 

pfonl, 7TMVTC6, ivCO^X for p<7TT8/, tiflOC, ¥T#S, and 

the first future, as, {{». So also a few Ionian terms, as, 
flc^iw, for $«gg<y. On the contrary, adverbs of quality in 
m> deprived of their circumflex, acute the penult, as, 

The iEolians in many nouns, verbs, and participles, 
draw back the accent from the last, though a long syl- 
lable upon the penult or antepenult, as, iroTupog, Zd<ntevs> 
virvQat, for noTxpli, fixwXivs, and r*Tv(pas, They change 
the circumflex of verbs into an acute, as, hga, for 
and circumflect the pronoun Iy». 

3. As to dialectic quantity . A, with the Dorics, deriv- 
ed from j) is long, with the iEolians short. With the 
lonians, in the penult of past tenses, and in third per- 
sons plural, « is short, as, ty*h*rut: but in contract 
verbs and in the third persons plural of verbs in ^i, a 
is long, as, TtpdaS-ta, riS-ictri. 

Poetic license shortens vowels derived from contrac- 
tions: as, «i, xo£x. It lengthens * arising out 
of g. It doubles consonants, or inserts a new consonant, 
(the vowel being changed) that it may lengthen a syl- 
lable, as, ibhtvivy fa%o> from and, in fact, knows no 
limits. 

GRECIAN MONTH. 

The Grecians began their year from the summer solstice. 
Plutarch uses the Latin names of months, giving them a Greek 
termination; but the more usual mode of expressing the months 
was as follows; 

Ta^YiKtar, January, The marriage month. 

*R\u$v€oht6v 9 February, Month for stag-hunting. 

Mtfvv^iwv, March, Month for Diana's rites, 

Gccgynhiav, April, Fruits of the earth and sun.^ 

^xipotpofivv. May, Umbracular rites; building time? 

*E*cc1o/u.0cciqv 9 June, Month for offering hecatombs. 

MfTayJ*£/Tw«v, July, Metagitnian Apollo's rites. 

BovSgo/miov, August, Conquests of Theseus celebrated* 

McLiftctKhpiav, September, Month of storms. 

JivAvi^tuVf October, - Harvest finished. 

'Av0fr>7£/wy, November, Earth spoiled of flowers. 

n0ff?r«JW>v, December, Neptune's month. 



A LIST 

Of the Verbs which are more particularly irregular or 
defective. 

A 

' 'Ay I wonder, dep. uydcrepxi, Hyeurpcti, &c. from 

uyd^oftcct. 

"AywHi, I break, sag*, Sec. 73 being resolved into tcc s 
from ciyw 

v Ayu, I lead, uyio^ct^ viyccyovf &c. But ayctyu* from 
ciynpi. 

5/ A^, I please. F. 2. s'*§*v I. 2. P.) Pr. Mid. 
A/gi«i I take, is regular, except when it borrows from 

? AAa|A/, I shun, aAfgsjpw, ix%n<rci (and JUgga) from *Afggar. 
'aAjj^/, aAflsAu^*, and uXctopstt, 1 wander, part. ecXgig, perf. 

p. uXotXqtx.* 1 and «A7jAg^c«*, part. I. ],. 4a*0s<s* the rest is 

more regular. 
'AA10-X0, I take, *Aa;a#, lixazos, locXae-x. Beyond the future 

4t is passive. 

"A(Amvf**i> I respire, Poe£. I. 1. pass C6p7rvvv0yv and <*^j>r» 

'AvflCivot6tfe/ 3 I consent, perf. sifiir^uctt, ind. 1. M. ecvyfVei t W4V. 
' Arcico and #t#, P. I hurt, LI. «cr«&, L 1. pass. ad<7$av. 
So a&ratj **<?Qut for atT^ra*, kr&aboii by syncope. 

B 

B*« y#, I go, picropctt fut. 1. /3g?jjx# perf. jgqy I. 2. from /S^/jf 
Fut. act. &i<r» and g/3^#, I caused to ascend. 

and fi&npt, I go, P. fi&ara, IGtZxov, part. /3<£^, /3s&y$* 

B*AA<y, -a^» I cast, but /3g£Ag*# although from B#as#2 
I. 2. gS^Aoy, &c. 

B«j<w, I live, <yc<y, Sec. reg. I. 2. act. i£/#y, op. fiiuw, I,$mw$ 
from fiivftu 

'Bifopcti) I will,-«V9^«{, (Z&iMpxh as though from fixhUpxi* 

r 

r*^g#, I am made, regular, except ind. 1. tynfuc $ yvpeeh 
yipxs from yipw* 



112 



Finput and r/f>o.««i, I am made, I am born, yivwrtftoti y%* 
ympstt from ywaopatA ylyom lywlpw from yu\a } yiyax 
from yJw, Sec. 

A . i \ 

A*u*, I learn, F. l.m. fafapn 3s9«W> SsWL 2, Sec. 
Aw*, I bite, and -e*^, £s?*j*« i3«x«v, &c. from 
4g/3#, I fear, dura p.m. SgJo^*, Usov, iihx (hiha and ds9««, 
P.) from 3i*,f imper. 2^0, and hi'hfo from §2 V*>t &<% 
I am wanting, J*»V*t, i^',,* as though from 3u'qie*ft, 

dive/Mat, P. 
Azopoth I ask, hfoopai, fah'tipai, Ihiihv* 
&ida<?K&>^ I teach, F. Svfec-^V^, ?<3<*<r*S<™* from 

At3g00rigA>, I fly, ^criy, I. 2. sS^y, op. 2g#<jj> and 

S|a/j5», inf. ?g£v#*, part. from Sg^if. 
Aa*s&,, I think, I seem, and So*^, S/Soy^f, Sec. 
Avvxpai, I am able, -mc^cciy Sg^avjj^**, ibvwHv) idvmhv, See* 

£ 

Bygjjy^sV and y£ijyegg<y, I watch, in N. T. L 1. sygiiyoggo-* 
perf. lygn'y*^* 6 by sync. perf. p. iy^yiyi^ett, inf. lygaj- 
ydgSo-^flfti and Iy|}jy<9^flc<» perf. m. ly^y*'^ and lyg«- 
yog&s, the augment omitted. 

v e2#, I eat, idqdofccc, for eJj^ from perf. pass. 
and ibv!bvrpoii I. 1. $z<rQnv pret. m. s2>j§# for||2#> &c. 

^E^e^flCi, I sit, whence xxQefyput, xetfad&uai F, 2. htcdhtHw* 

3 ES-gAfi/, I am willing, IS-g/jjVa;, WiMitet, Sec. 

"£^f, I am accustomed, gWf> six* perf. m. s3w'x*t< 
for eidS-aci. 

E/JgV, I know, -jjVa;, pi. p. g/?«xe/v for which sync, 
and videiv At. 3d duaUW, I. 2. and t$ov, I saw, from 
«S<y, L l.m. iie-etpw, I have dissembled, perf. m. old** 

Ema, I am like, «f «t> pret. p. elyf&ui } m. zotKoty 8cc. 

*EXxvia, I drive, -«<r# Sec. from perf. p. iAjjAa- 
^cc/ and uhfAocu 

"EXzropeti, I hope, tb^ofuu, zoXttx. 

"Ewa, I speak, I. 1. I. 2. whence comp. Poet* 

ii/tTrra -i]/63 9 perf. m. ivfoeMra for vwira* 
s 'Eppa, I perish, zppvifcec. 

"Effiopeci, I come. Fut. 1. lteva-op>at I. 2. »jAt/$dj> sync.) 
perf. m. IajjAi^ Poff, iiXfavb*, from gAe*9wt« 



llf 

Ev3#j I sleep, ivHra gi/3»j0\*. So xcc&gvtia. 
3 E^a 9 I have, g|^, or v^to* perf. g'o-^x* from r#s#t> !• & 

gV^dy. Imp. <r#g$, o-^d^, &c. used more frequently in 

composition. "E^qcuej, I adhere, &c. 
'Eyvi»#, I array, wvpi, zo-ca, Urots perf. pass, etput, etcai and 

gV*\*/ P. eirxt and So also pi. p. etftyv. 

H 

e Hp#, I sit, jjp5jy, the 3d sing. Ircct or Js*** pi. ?vt*i sW*/, 8cc* 

e 

0gA#, I am willing SiXfaa, l&iMrct perf. pass. rs&'Ajty**/, 

P . ha -A«$, &c. 
0v«Vx#, I die, S-HvSpxi, zQctvoV) 8cc. $tf/y# and rUvnx.ee, Te$?jj*<y$ 

7&foeci)$ and nd-vetae* Sec. from Tethnpi* 

I 

I go, I. 2. ?y, the 3d pi. /Wi, m. ftp*; cognate v. 
into «p/, I go. 
9 lxi£ofAut,I come, }%cfAect \ypot,i> I. 2. m. /jtopjjy, from 
"Igt?P<, I know, like iV>jpi, except that it often rejects *, 
as, i?ov, i<rpsv. 3d pi. imp. ttrw, 3d pi. iWr, pres.p* 
i'ftcpxt oftener, whence ixfc*(Mt% faieccpw, ImefoofAxs. 

K 

Kctlet, I burn. Kotvca, I. 1. gic*j* and 'inuct, Sec. 
jfLeipuf, I lie down, x«^p<«<, g»«pjjy. KsopeaPoet* for which 
also 

Klxopcti, I exhort, *g AjjVap**, hctMrapw* 

Kgatatta, I accomplish, ixg^wy*, perf. m. *sxg**p*< zk£cuc9° 

09JV. 

Kyg#, I CUt, F. 1. *t>gG-#, I. 1. &v£irei. 

A 

Ac6y%c6v&>, I allot, a>J|# r. gA*^oy from xi%& 3 perf. AgAay^*.;, 
^« 

A*pSflcy^, I take, A^op**, «A»$*, sA*£oy, from a>!Sa>, &c. 
A*yS-#y*y, I conceal, AmV#, pr. m. a/a^Sw, pr. m. Ag'Ajjcrp^ 
&c. from A>j0#. 

. M 

Mct(opcti) I ardently long, /usp*# for pspjj*#from p*#. 
MocvB-ctm, I learn, f. m. p#$wfy4*/> p*p*0jj**j sp*Scy> &Cs 
from fAx&iv^i 



m 

M&%6ft%i) I fight s pctftfodffixt and pLaxirtput, ptp*fflft*h & 
2. uaftiSfAHt) whence part. fAcc^^m, j&cc%tipzm, 

M Uuy I take care, ^sAi}V#, pepixyipatj seldom used unless 
impersonally. 

Mixxa, I am about to be, /MX\i<?&, from ^gAAsVf* 

M Mgoftctij I divide, «^#g^«5*, s^£g#^«e* P. pr* m. g^og*. 

MgW;, I remain, ft*^^**, the rest are regular. 

MtfA^a-K^ I make to be remembered, e^i>j}<r*, of- 

ten er in composition. In mid. ^/^'ct^osi, py*^*;* 
pzpvypoc } I remember, from pvxa. 

o 

0£#, I oil, o£gV# and cogwct pr. m. aS^Sa, pass- a<r^cth 

Oeya, I open, Soifytf, perf. m. wyu^ whence k*otya 9 
which varies the augment' three ways, £*e»|#, 
foot!;*, and so in other increasing tenses. 

Oiyfux^ I depart, oi%vro/ttUi) ayfliu&i and 5y^#(. 

OifAxti I think, clicrofcetty a^y, I. 1. m. onraptiv and a*??*** 
pw, &c. 

0*Vl«g#, I commiserate, ol«I«^V^j I. 1. ®itI«g»jc-« and 

&k\g4%x>, from olxltgat. 
9 C^o^yvv/tAi f I imprint,(and ^ogyyt;^/) o/&o%%a &/&6g%ct &mo£%#* 
v OXAvpt 9 I lose, oXta-Mi p. m. e>A#A#, 1. 2. act. a>Aov, &c« 
"OfAvvf&t, I swear, hplva o[A6)/&okk for apoxa, &c. from l^wf* 
9 Og#6>) I see, lab^cMcty f. 1. m. o-$/o/&m() perf. p. a^uai^ I. 1. 

&4>3-qv from Mopat, whence also perf. m. &r#7r«. 
0$«A#, I owe, 0^«AjjV#, <y$«A«?2CflS. 

'C(pA#, I am fined, f. 1. o(pxfa*>, perf. co(pXqx.K 9 I. 1. 
Ajjg-#, &c. 

n 

Xl'zTrapctij I possess, and fl-e^f^a* perf. p. T.l. m. gWra^jjy* 
n*r%a y I suffer, f. 1. m. nu<rop6ti and nnrop&h mirovScc, I. 

Hz$*>, I make a noise, I. 2. gWgSov, f. 2. p. a**^'?*^*/, 
perf. m. 

HivM) I cook, irfya) from n&rla* 

Tllpir^lAt, I fire, wguVa*, gVg*j5-#, from ^|i(dw or argacjy leg. 

n/v<y, I drink, awtf, tfzwokx, I. 2. sV/ov, perf. p. flrg'?r^#*,8cc. 
n<VI<w, I fall, iriTxpxty 5rgV?###, from 5tst# and *r1<>#, I. 2* 

fiVg^dy. 

vo^ca*, I hear, I ask, Trtvvopaiy 7Mrwp*t) iirvOipn* 



115 
p 

8 pg?*, I make, pi%a and ggi#, Ugyu. for fyjey* pip. g#gA«r,8*:c. 
e Pg#, I flow, pevT^, ipfcvrHi I. 2. p. ipfvW) Sec. from pvs'<y. 
*Pi# or p?^*, I speak, scarcely used unless in I. 1. p. lp- 

fi&w and ipfah-w indie, with % alone in the rest of the 

moods, f. pnB^TCfAttt 
'tnywpi) I break, (fare* r.) pji%a> pert m. fypay*> the rest 

regular. 

I move, rf t/0*#t> trevrot and sVgt>#, perf. p. 'irrvpiut. 
2Z7r&d& 9 I taste, ffweiWy sarireHrx, gW«o/««;, Sec. from ffweidfy 
&c. 

T 

TUtu, I beget, f. 1« m. rgf^#/, perf. tstox*, I. 2. gTsx«y, 
perf. p. Tffrsy^*/, Sec. from T£*#i\ 

T<Tg#/v#, I perforate, rirgctvaf, for which nr^ecytu I. 1. 
It STgyva and sr^crx from Tfrg<*#t. 

Tgg;s#, I run, i$-gs%cc, L 2. efynpov, dgccpiittai, SgSga^- 

)3&* Sga^*, &c. from S^g^f* 

Ti/y%«y*>, ^ am, Tev%opcii) trv%ov from nvftci!* So TiTVfflxa 
hv%»icr* from Tt/^ea/. Ti;y;sc6v#,) I. 2. hv%Qf» In the com- 
pounds there are more. 

Y 

^Yflr/c^vS^i, I promise, v7ro<?%iiropieci, v7r$?%lpw 9 perf. p* 
fatrxypech &c. 

<& 

I bear, ind. 1. yvsyxec) £. zviyxcv from hsytctf, 
perf. p. Unypuh hi*iy(**h !• p« syg ^3>av perf. m. Iv^a* 
&c. 

Ojj^/, I speak, $40-*, gW> perf. wanting, pass, $*/t6«j srg- 
(p«<r,t6«<t« ^ n tbe dialects, qui for for t cp^y, Sec. 

03-«y<y, 1 come before, <p3-asc\y, 'tyS-xxu, ind. 1. g'<p$%o-#. 

1. 2. g^y, Sec. from <p%«t. 

X 

X#£a^, I recede, %6&<roftett, perf. xi%o^a, % \ was equal, I. 

2. act. s^Sov and fcsxA&2«v, f. 2. ^ccSv^tf«/, Sec. 3<> 

Xcci%*>, I rejoice, f. 1. ^/{n'ow, whence, 2. p. Iz^m perf, 
xe^^nx*, Sec. 

Xg«, J pour, f. %iv<rai yjwfi %&<ra, I. g^s<»t for e#sw«* £ 
perft p. x,e%vpx(, L 1. I#v$ur. 



ABBREVIATIONS. 



avn$ 
vf 

*7. 6 W 



is. 
ei. 

a 

f »• 
St/* 



WJ 

4 

■ a 

D 

T 



